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- The 1685 English general election elected the only parliament of James II of England, known as the Loyal Parliament. This was the first time the words Whig and Tory were used as names for political groupings in the Parliament of England. Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown. 513 Members of Parliament were returned across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members. Only 15 counties and 57 boroughs (a total of 100 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed. One borough had a double return, where multiple members were recorded elected, and another was subsequently voided by Parliament, forcing a by-election. While the number of seats had not changed from the previous election, their electorate had been substantially altered by royal influence. Following the Exclusion crisis, ninety-nine boroughs had received new charters, the aim being to eliminate the influence of the Whigs. The Whigs also lost seats in county constituencies - which were not liable to charter manipulation - dropping from around sixty county seats in 1681 to only eight. In the new parliament, the Tories now had their own majority in both houses, Commons and Lords. The exact breakdown of members returned at the election is not clear, but of the 525 members who served during the 1685-89 Parliamentary term, including those elected at later by-elections, 468 are estimated as Tories and 57 as Whigs. This estimate does not treat any members as uncommitted, and up to 30% of members were recorded as inactive. The election had significant effects on Parliament demographically as well as politically. The newly elected members were mostly inexperienced, with slightly over half never having sat in Parliament before. The majority of these would stand down or lose their seats at the subsequent election in 1689. Members were much more likely to be High Church Anglicans, with very few Presbyterians or Independents compared to other Parliaments of the period. There was an unusually high share of government officials and military officers, and fewer country gentry. Two minors were elected, and the Hon. Thomas Windsor, aged 15 and 16 respectively. (en)
- Les élections générales anglaises de 1685 se sont déroulées en Angleterre en 1685. Ces élections sont remportées par le parti tory. (fr)
- 연속으로 하원을 3번이나 해산시킨 찰스 2세는 그 후 죽을 때까지 의회를 다시 소집하지 않았고, 1685년, 결국 제임스 2세가 왕위에 오르고서야 새로운 의회가 소집된다. 결국 제임스 2세를 지지하던 토리당이 절대다수를 차지하였으나, 제임스 2세가 특면권을 행사하여 심사율을 무시하고 관용 선언을 다시 발표하여 가톨릭 교도에 관직을 주는 등 시대 착오적인 절대주의를 고집하자 토리당마저 등을 돌렸고, 제임스 2세는 의회 정회를 반복하다 결국 1687년 7월 2일 해산시킨다. (ko)
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- Les élections générales anglaises de 1685 se sont déroulées en Angleterre en 1685. Ces élections sont remportées par le parti tory. (fr)
- 연속으로 하원을 3번이나 해산시킨 찰스 2세는 그 후 죽을 때까지 의회를 다시 소집하지 않았고, 1685년, 결국 제임스 2세가 왕위에 오르고서야 새로운 의회가 소집된다. 결국 제임스 2세를 지지하던 토리당이 절대다수를 차지하였으나, 제임스 2세가 특면권을 행사하여 심사율을 무시하고 관용 선언을 다시 발표하여 가톨릭 교도에 관직을 주는 등 시대 착오적인 절대주의를 고집하자 토리당마저 등을 돌렸고, 제임스 2세는 의회 정회를 반복하다 결국 1687년 7월 2일 해산시킨다. (ko)
- The 1685 English general election elected the only parliament of James II of England, known as the Loyal Parliament. This was the first time the words Whig and Tory were used as names for political groupings in the Parliament of England. Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown. (en)
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