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About: Hoodening

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Hoodening (/ʊd.ɛnɪŋ/), also spelled hodening and oodening, is a folk custom found in Kent, a county in south-eastern England. The tradition entails the use of a wooden hobby horse known as a hooden horse that is mounted on a pole and carried by an individual hidden under a sackcloth. Originally, the tradition was restricted to the area of East Kent, although in the twentieth century it spread into neighbouring West Kent. It represents a regional variation of a "hooded animal" tradition that appears in various forms throughout the British Isles.

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  • Hoodening (/ʊd.ɛnɪŋ/), also spelled hodening and oodening, is a folk custom found in Kent, a county in south-eastern England. The tradition entails the use of a wooden hobby horse known as a hooden horse that is mounted on a pole and carried by an individual hidden under a sackcloth. Originally, the tradition was restricted to the area of East Kent, although in the twentieth century it spread into neighbouring West Kent. It represents a regional variation of a "hooded animal" tradition that appears in various forms throughout the British Isles. As recorded from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries, hoodening was a tradition performed at Christmas time by groups of farm labourers. They would form into teams to accompany the hooden horse on its travels around the local area, and although the makeup of such groups varied, they typically included an individual to carry the horse, a leader, a man in female clothing known as a "Mollie", and several musicians. The team would then carry the hooden horse to local houses and shops, where they would expect payment for their appearance. Although this practice is extinct, in the present the hooden horse is incorporated into various Kentish Mummers plays and Morris dances that take place at different times of the year. The origins of the hoodening tradition, and the original derivation of the term hooden, remain subject to academic debate. An early suggestion was that hooden was related to the Anglo-Saxon pre-Christian god Woden, and that the tradition therefore originated with pre-Christian religious practices in the early medieval Kingdom of Kent. This idea has not found support from historians or folklorists studying the tradition. A more widely accepted explanation among scholars is that the term hooden relates to hooded, a reference to the sackcloth worn by the individual carrying the horse. The absence of late medieval references to such practices and the geographic dispersal of the various British hooded animal traditions—among them the Mari Lwyd of south Wales, the Broad of the Cotswolds, and the Old Ball, Old Tup, and Old Horse of northern England—have led to suggestions that they derive from the regionalised popularisation of the sixteenth and seventeenth-century fashion for hobby horses among the social elite. The earliest textual reference to the hoodening tradition comes from the first half of the eighteenth century. Scattered references to it appeared over the next century and a half, many of which considered it to be a declining tradition that had died out in many parts of Kent. Aware of this decline, in the early twentieth century the folklorist and historian Percy Maylam documented what survived of the tradition and traced its appearances in historical documents, publishing his findings as The Hooden Horse in 1909. Although deemed extinct at the time of the First World War, the custom was revived in an altered form during the mid-twentieth century, when the use of the hooden horse was incorporated into some modern Kentish folk traditions. (en)
  • 乌蹬（hoodening /ʊd.ɛnɪŋ/，也拼作hodening 或 oodening），是位于英格兰东南部的肯特郡的一种民间习俗。在这个传统习俗中，人们需要使用一种被称为乌蹬马（hooden horse）的木马，这类木马通常由安装在木棍顶端的木马头部和围在下面挡住表演者的麻布罩组成。最初，这一传统仅限于东肯特地区，不过在二十世纪之后又扩展到了邻近的西肯特地区。它代表了贯穿整个不列颠群岛的各种形式的"头罩动物"这一传统的一种区域性变化。 据记载，从十八世纪到二十世纪初，乌蹬是一项圣诞节期间由农场劳工们进行表演的传统。劳工们会组成许多队伍，同乌蹬马一起绕当地游行。尽管这种队伍的组成各不相同，但通常都包括一位举着乌蹬马的人，一个领队，一名被称作"莫莉(Mollie)"的穿着女性服装的男人，以及几位唱歌的人。接着，游行队伍会带着乌蹬马沿路经过当地的房屋和商店，这样人们就会付钱来观赏他们的服饰。虽然这种传统习俗消失已久，但现在已经有多种肯特郡特有的民间服饰演出以及年间多次演出的莫里斯舞吸收了乌蹬马的元素。 乌蹬这项传统，以及"hooden"一词的起源，在学术领域仍有所争议。早期曾有人提出，hooden一词与盎格鲁-撒克逊基督教创立前的天神"奥丁（古英语写作Woden）"有关，由此推出这一传统源于基督教创立前中世纪早期肯特王国的习俗。但这个观点并没有得到研究这一传统的历史学家或民俗学家的认可。另一个更为广大学者接受的解释是,"hooden"一词与头罩（hooded）有关，指的是扮演马的表演者所穿的麻布罩衣。由于中世纪末期的文献缺少关于这类习俗的记录，也没有提到英国各种头罩动物传统的地理分布——例如南威尔士的马里•勒威德(Mari Lwyd)、科茨沃尔德的布罗德(the Broad)和英格兰北部的老鲍尔(Old Ball)、 老塔普(Old Tup)和老豪斯(Old Horse) ——这都说明，这一习俗很可能起源于十六到十七世纪部分地区精英阶层间风行的木马。 最早的关于乌蹬的文本记载始于十八世纪上半叶。在之后的一个半世纪里，相关记录零星散布，其中许多记录都认为该传统已然衰落，在肯特郡许多地区都已消失。20世纪初，民俗学家和历史学家珀西·梅勒姆注意到了这种衰落，他记录下这一传统的存在，追溯其在历史文献中的痕迹，并于1909年发表了名为《乌蹬马》的学术成果。虽然在第一次世界大战期间，人们认为该传统已经消失，但是在二十世纪中叶，这种习俗以另一种形式复活了，人们将这种木马的使用融入了现代肯特民俗传统当中。 (zh)
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  • "I remember as a child being taken out on Christmas Eve to the High Street in Deal where the shops would be open very late, and it was the only time Deal children were allowed out in the evening, parents were very strict. As we would be looking at the lighted shops, and listening to the people selling their wares, a horrible growl, and a long horse's face would appear, resting on our shoulder and when one looked round, there would be a long row of teeth snapping at us with its wooden jaws. It was frightening for a child. Usually, there would be a man leading the horse, with a rope, and another covered over with sacks or blankets as the horse." (en)
  • "This is an admirable piece of work, careful, thorough, unambitious, and complete in itself. Mr. Maylam has all the humour and sympathy and unfeigned enjoyment of his informants' society and doings that go to the making of a genuine [folklore] collector, and adds to them the skill in weighing and marshalling evidence that belongs to his legal training; and he has left no point untouched that could serve to throw light on his subject." (en)
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  • — Charlotte Sophia Burne, 1910. (en)
  • — Naomi Wiffen of Edenbridge, early 1980s. (en)
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  • Hoodening (/ʊd.ɛnɪŋ/), also spelled hodening and oodening, is a folk custom found in Kent, a county in south-eastern England. The tradition entails the use of a wooden hobby horse known as a hooden horse that is mounted on a pole and carried by an individual hidden under a sackcloth. Originally, the tradition was restricted to the area of East Kent, although in the twentieth century it spread into neighbouring West Kent. It represents a regional variation of a "hooded animal" tradition that appears in various forms throughout the British Isles. (en)
  • 乌蹬（hoodening /ʊd.ɛnɪŋ/，也拼作hodening 或 oodening），是位于英格兰东南部的肯特郡的一种民间习俗。在这个传统习俗中，人们需要使用一种被称为乌蹬马（hooden horse）的木马，这类木马通常由安装在木棍顶端的木马头部和围在下面挡住表演者的麻布罩组成。最初，这一传统仅限于东肯特地区，不过在二十世纪之后又扩展到了邻近的西肯特地区。它代表了贯穿整个不列颠群岛的各种形式的"头罩动物"这一传统的一种区域性变化。 据记载，从十八世纪到二十世纪初，乌蹬是一项圣诞节期间由农场劳工们进行表演的传统。劳工们会组成许多队伍，同乌蹬马一起绕当地游行。尽管这种队伍的组成各不相同，但通常都包括一位举着乌蹬马的人，一个领队，一名被称作"莫莉(Mollie)"的穿着女性服装的男人，以及几位唱歌的人。接着，游行队伍会带着乌蹬马沿路经过当地的房屋和商店，这样人们就会付钱来观赏他们的服饰。虽然这种传统习俗消失已久，但现在已经有多种肯特郡特有的民间服饰演出以及年间多次演出的莫里斯舞吸收了乌蹬马的元素。 (zh)
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  • Hoodening (en)
  • 乌蹬 (zh)
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