Is the House Bill Forbidding (Most) Nationwide Injunctions Constitutional?
On Wednesday night, the House of Representatives passed the No Rogue Rulings Act (NORRA) of 2025 on a party-line vote: 219 in favor and 213 against. All but one Republican voted for NORRA, and all Democrats voted against it. Below I'll further describe and analyze the bill, but first I want to say a word about the partisan nature of the vote. NORRA restricts the ability of federal district courts to issue what are sometimes called "nationwide" or "universal" injunctions. Such injunctions are controversial when issued against the government because a single district judge invalidates the action of either all of Congress or the executive branch, not just with respect to the party-plaintiff(s) but with respect to everyone. However, under ordinary rules of claim and issue preclusion, only parties to a case (or those in privity, i.e., some close relationship with a party) can benefit from a court judgment. To be sure, the modern approach allows some non-parties to b...