Web Sites

Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.

Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

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Chapter 25Web Sites

Created: October 10, 2007; Last Update: August 11, 2015.

A. Homepages

Sample Citation and Introduction
Citation Rules with Examples
Examples

B. Parts of Web Sites

Sample Citation and Introduction
Citation Rules with Examples
Examples

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Homepages

The general format for a reference to a homepage, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to a
homepage.

Examples of Citations to Homepages

A homepage is the first or introductory page of a Web site (NISO Z39.29). It usually provides a table of contents or index to the contents of the site. Homepages are placed on the Internet by both organizations and individuals for purposes ranging from an effort to provide information about a government agency, a company, an association, or a specific subject, to a means of providing a forum for a personal point of view. Homepages vary greatly in size and complexity, reflecting the Web site which they introduce. A citation to a Web site is made primarily from the information found on a homepage.

The rules for citing homepages are similar to those for Internet books. Locate the author or organization with responsibility for the homepage, a title, a place of publication, a publisher, and a date of publication. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if they are to locate sites in the future.

Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing homepages. For example, some poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing responsibility may be unclear or absent. The title may also be difficult to discern from a collage of graphics. The person doing the citing can only work with the information provided.

Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide needed information. For example, the date of publication is required in a citation, but most homepages are updated or otherwise modified numerous times after the date of publication, i.e., the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet. The latest date of update/revision should therefore be included along with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing saw the homepage on the Internet. This is necessary in the volatile Internet environment, where changes can be easily made and a site seen one day may not be the same when viewed the next day. Producing a print or other copy of crucial pages for future reference is strongly recommended.

Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL only reflects server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions below. To cite only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22, a journal according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.

To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:

A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
- Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
- Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar 26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
An NLM database:
- ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Specialized Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
- A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Cite components of Web sites that cannot stand alone according to Chapter 25B Parts of Web Sites. Examples of these include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts those components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. If in doubt about the status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Homepages.

Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Author

List names in the order they appear on the site
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
Give all authors, regardless of the number
Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
End author information with a period
See Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are no authors but editors are named

Specific Rules for Author

Box 1

Determining the author.

Box 2

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 3

Other surname rules.

Box 4

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 5

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 6

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 7

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Box 8

Organizations as author.

Box 9

No author can be found.

Box 10

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a homepage
2. Homepage with author(s)
3. Homepage with full author name(s)
4. Homepage with author role indicated
5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author
6. Homepage with no authors or editors
24. Homepage with author and publisher the same

Author Affiliation for Homepages (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation

Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the address
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 11

Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 12

E-mail address included.

Box 13

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Box 14

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

7. Homepage with author affiliation

Title for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Title

Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and special characters when possible
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
End a title with a space

Specific Rules for Title

Box 15

Determining the title.

Box 16

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Box 17

Titles not in English.

Box 18

Titles in more than one language.

Box 19

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 20

No title can be found.

Examples for Title

8. Homepage with title having a subtitle
9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title
10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period
11. Homepage in a language other than English
12. Homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages
13. Homepage published with optional content type
22. Homepage with title and publisher the same
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated

Content Type for Homepages (optional)

General Rules for Content Type

Use a content type to tell the user the format of the Internet item being cited
Begin type information with a left square bracket
Enter the words "homepage on the"
End content type with space

Specific Rules for Content Type

Box 21

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 22

Titles not in English.

Examples for Content Type

1. Standard citation to a homepage
13. Homepage published with optional content type

Type of Medium for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium

Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)
End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Add location information (URL, etc) according to the instructions under Availability below

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

Box 23

Both a content type and a type of medium.

Box 24

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 25

Titles not in English.

Examples for Type of Medium

1. Standard citation to a homepage

Edition for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Edition

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium (and Content Type, if present) when a homepage is published in more than one edition or version
Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions below)
Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper adjectives
Express numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.
End the edition statement with a period

Box 26

Abbreviation rules for editions.

Specific Rules for Edition

Box 27

Non-English words for editions.

Box 28

Both an edition and a version.

Examples for Edition

14. Homepage with an edition or version

Editor and other Secondary Authors for Homepages (optional)

General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, producers, and illustrators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any Edition statement
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above
Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
End secondary author information with a period

Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

Box 29

More than one type of secondary author.

Box 30

Secondary author performing more than one role.

Box 31

Non-English names for secondary authors.

Box 32

Organization as editor.

Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors

15. Homepage with editor(s)

Place of Publication for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Place of Publication

Place is defined as the city where the homepage is published
Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein
End place information with a colon

Specific Rules for Place of Publication

Box 33

Locating the place of publication.

Box 34

Non-US cities.

Box 35

Joint publication.

Box 36

Multiple places of publication.

Box 37

No place of publication can be found.

Examples for Place of Publication

16. Homepage with well known place of publication
17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
18. Homepage with place of publication inferred
19. Homepage with unknown place of publication

Publisher for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Publisher

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage
Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the homepage or opening screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"
When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
End publisher information with a semicolon

Specific Rules for Publisher

Box 38

Determining the publisher.

Box 39

Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Box 40

Non-English names for publishers.

Box 41

Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.

Box 42

Joint publication.

Box 43

Multiple publishers.

Box 44

No publisher can be found.

Examples for Publisher

20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division
21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher
22. Homepage with title and publisher the same
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated
24. Homepage with author and publisher the same
25. Homepage with joint publication
26. Homepage with unknown publisher

Date of Publication for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication

Use the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet
Always give the year
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
End date information with a space

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

Box 45

Locating the date of publication.

Box 46

Multiple years of publication.

Box 47

Non-English names for months.

Box 48

Seasons instead of months.

Box 49

Date of publication and date of copyright.

Box 50

No date of publication, but a date of copyright.

Box 51

No date of publication or copyright can be found.

Box 52

Options for date of publication.

Examples for Date of Publication

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication
29. Homepage with multiple years of publication
32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright

Date of Update/Revision for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Date of Update/Revision

Homepages are frequently updated or revised after publication dates or copyright dates
Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated, modified
Always give the year of update/revision
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as 2006 May 5
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space

Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision

Box 53

Locating the date of update/revision.

Box 54

Non-English names for months.

Box 55

Seasons instead of months.

Box 56

Both a date of update and a date of revision.

Examples for Date of Update/Revision

30. Homepage with update/revision date
31. Homepage with a date of update and a date of revision

Date of Citation for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Date of Citation

Always include the date the homepage was seen on the Internet
Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket
If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Specific Rules for Date of Citation

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Box 57

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation.

Examples for Date of Citation

1. Standard citation to a homepage
30. Homepage with update/revision date
31. Homepage with a date of update and a date of revision

Availability for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Availability

Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation

Specific Rules for Availability

Box 58

Breaking long URLs.

Box 59

Multiple URLs.

Box 60

URLs not directly addressable.

Language for Homepages (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of publication if not English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

Homepages appearing in more than one language

Box 61

Homepages appearing in more than one language.

Examples for Language

11. Homepage in a language other than English
12. Homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages

Notes for Homepages (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Box 62

System requirements.

Box 63

Web master name.

Box 64

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

34. Homepage with optional system requirements
35. Homepage with Web master named
36. Homepage with supplemental note included

Examples of Citations to Homepages

1. Standard citation to a homepage

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.

with optional content type

AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.

2. Homepage with author(s)

D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.

Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.

3. Homepage with full author name(s)

D'Alessandro, Donna M.; D'Alessandro, Michael P. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.

4. Homepage with author role indicated

Clutterbuck J, compiler. The Aspergillus nidulans Linkage Map [Internet]. Glasgow (Scotland): University of Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics; [updated 2006 Nov; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.

5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author

Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene Ontology; c1999-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Recommendations on Biochemical & Organic Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. [Internet]. London: University of London, Queen Mary, Department of Chemistry; [updated 2006 Jul 24; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Tactical Programs Division, Office of Emergency Management. Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management: CHEMM [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2011] - [cited 2015 Apr 2]. Available from: http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov Produced in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine Division of Specialized Information Services and many medical, emergency response, toxicology, and other types of experts.

6. Homepage with no authors or editors

Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York: Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mesothelioma.com/.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/.

Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 - [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov

American Indian Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services, Outreach and Special Populations Branch; 2004 - [updated 2011 Jul 8; cited 2011 Jul 29]. Available from: http://americanindianhealth.nlm.nih.gov/.

7. Homepage with author affiliation

Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. bas@mednet.ucla.edu), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. sdennis@lib.med.utah.edu). HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/.

8. Homepage with title having a subtitle

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.

Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.

growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.

American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/.

Women's Health Resources: Women's Health Research from NIH [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; 2009 May 1 - [updated 2010 Sep 1; cited 2011 Jul 13]. Available from: http://www.womenshealthresources.nlm.nih.gov/. Created in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, Office of Research on Women's Health.

9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title

familydoctor.org [Internet]. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://familydoctor.org/.

BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1999-2006 [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/.

National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.

E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/.

MedConnect: an online resource for medical professionals [Internet]. Monmouth Junction (NJ): Medical Network Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.medconnect.com/.

Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/.

10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period

Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

11. Homepage in a language other than English

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/site/. German.

MedlinePlus®: Informacion de Salud para Usted [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://medlineplus.gov/spanish/. Spanish.

with translation included

Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

12. Homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Feb 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.

Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph (ON)]: Doug Powell; c2003-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/frfiles/frindex.htm French, English.

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp English, Spanish.

13. Homepage published with optional content type

Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature [exhibit on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), History of Medicine Division; 1998 Feb 13 [updated 2010 Oct 29; cited 2011 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein/index.html

National Jewish Medical and Research Center [homepage on the Internet]. Denver: The Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.njc.org/.

14. Homepage with an edition or version

Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.

15. Homepage with editor(s)

Alternative Nature Online Herbal [Internet]. Bergeron K, editor. Erin (TN): Alternative Nature; 1997 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://altnature.com/.

PedsCCM.org: The Pediatric Critical Care Website [Internet]. Markovitz B, Weigle C, Pon S, editors. [place unknown]: PedsCCM; 1995 [updated 2007 Mar 9; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://pedsccm.org/.

16. Homepage with well known place of publication

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/.

Psychology in the News [Internet]. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://psycport.apa.org/.

17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity

HDCN: Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/site/. German.

18. Homepage with place of publication inferred

National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.

19. Homepage with unknown place of publication

Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.

Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.

Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/.

ToxMystery [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services; 2006 - [updated 2011 Feb 1; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/ ; http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/espanol.html English, Spanish.

21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher

CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3; cited 2015 Apr 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/.

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1998 Oct] - [updated 2015 May 6; cited 2015 May 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. English, Spanish.

National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm

Healthy People [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/.

22. Homepage with title and publisher the same

PhysOrg.com [Internet]. [place unknown]: PhysOrg.com; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.physorg.com

cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/.

23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.

Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): The University; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.jhu.edu/.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance [Internet]. Brighton (UK): The Alliance; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.aidsalliance.org/.

The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.

24. Homepage with author and publisher the same

Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

25. Homepage with joint publication

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. Joint publication with the University of Utah and the University of Oklahoma.

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University of Alabama School of Law and the Alabama Department of Mental Health & Mental Retardation.

26. Homepage with unknown publisher

Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication

Digital Collections [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2010 Sep 27] - [cited 2013 Jan 25]. Available from: http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/. All of the content in Digital Collections is freely available worldwide and, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain.

28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication

E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.

enc: egg nutrition center [Internet]. Washington: The Center; c2004 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.enc-online.org/.

29. Homepage with multiple years of publication

APSnet: Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; c1994-2006 [cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.

Lab Tests Online^® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/index.html

30. Homepage with update/revision date

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007 Mar 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.

Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?tax_level=1&info_center=4

31. Homepage with a date of update and a date of revision

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright

EPERC: End of Life / Palliative Education Resource Center [Internet]. Milwaukee (WI): Medical College of Wisconsin; [updated 2007 Feb; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/.

growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.

33. Homepage with multiple URLs

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/ ; www.neonatology.net ; www.neonatology.com

34. Homepage with optional system requirements

PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): The Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.phassociation.org/. System Requirements: PC Windows running Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher; Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or higher.

Tox Town [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services Division, Environmental Health and Toxicology; [2002 Oct] - [updated 2013 May 10; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/. English, Spanish. System requirements: Windows Media Player or Apple QuickTime to view multimedia files, Adobe Flash Player to view Flash content, and Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files.

35. Homepage with Web master named

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web master.

36. Homepage with supplemental note included

Arctic Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services; 2002 Jul 12 - [last updated 2015 Jan 16; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://www.arctichealth.org/. Maintained by the University of Alaska Anchorage’s Alaska Medical Library.

Asian American Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; [2003] - [updated 2013 Sep 30; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://asianamericanhealth.nlm.nih.gov/. Web site is a collaborative effort between the Division of Specialized Information Services and the Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations (AAPCHO) to identify and provide specific resources for the Asian American Community.

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. This project made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation, DUE-0085660 and DUE-0226314, and from the National Library of Medicine, 1 G08 LM007877-01 and 1 G08 LM008054-01.

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/. Some content available in Spanish and Chinese.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Web Sites

The general format for a reference to part of a Web site, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to part of a Web
site.

Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions in Chapter 25A. To cite only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22, a journal according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.

To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:

A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
- Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
- Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar 26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
An NLM database:
- ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Specialized Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
- A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Components of Web sites that cannot stand alone should be cited according to the instructions presented here. Examples include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. Also, be sure that the part is to the Web site as a whole and not to a book or other separately citable component on a site. If in doubt about the status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.

Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL in reality only reflects server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.

Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a Web site with information about the entire site; follow it with the information about the part.

When citing a part of a print book, the location (pagination) of the part is shown as the numbers of the pages on which the part resides, such as p. 34-6. When citing a part of a Web site, unless the part is in PDF (Portable Document Format), standard page numbers are not available. For non-PDF parts:

Give location as the total extent of the part.
Calculate extent by the best means possible, in terms of the number of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes, and place the total in square brackets. Screen size, font used, and printers vary greatly, but the purpose is to give an indication of the length of the part.
Use the word "about" before the length indicator when the number is calculated.

Web sites frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions. Consult the original publication and cite the particular item from there.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites.

Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Homepage on the Internet (required)

Cite the homepage according to Chapter 25A Homepages but omit the Date of Citation (unless there is no Date of Publication or Date of Update/Revision) and the Availability (URL)

Title for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Title

Enter the title of the part as it appears on the Web site
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle unless some other form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
End title information with a semicolon and a space

Specific Rules for Title

Box 65

Titles for parts not in English.

Box 66

Titles for parts in more than one language.

Box 67

Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Box 68

Title proceeded by a name and number.

Box 69

Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

Box 70

No title appears.

Examples for Title

1. Standard part of a Web site
2. Part of a Web site with name and number
3. Part of a Web site with name added
4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period
5. Part of a Web site not in English
6. Part of a Web site with equal text in two or more languages

Date of Publication for Parts of Web Sites (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication

Include if the date differs from the date of the Web site as it appears on the homepage
Always give the year
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
End date information with a space

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

Box 71

Locating the date of publication.

Box 72

Multiple years of publication.

Box 73

Non-English names for months.

Box 74

Seasons instead of months.

Box 75

Date of copyright.

Box 76

No date of publication or copyright can be found.

Examples for Date of Publication

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of the Web site

Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Date of Update/Revision

Parts of Web sites may be updated or revised after initial publication
Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated and modified
Always give the year of update/revision
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as 2006 May 5
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space

Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision

Box 77

Locating the date of update/revision.

Box 78

Non-English names for months.

Box 79

Seasons instead of months.

Box 80

Both a date of update and a date of revision.

Examples for Date of Update/Revision

8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision

Date of Citation for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Date of Citation

Always include the date the part of a Web site was seen on the Internet
Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket
If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
End date information with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket

Specific Rules for Date of Citation

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Box 81

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation.

Examples for Date of Citation

1. Standard part of a Web site
8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision
9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only

Location (Pagination) for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Location (Pagination)

For parts with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:

Begin location with "p." followed by a space
Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4.
Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 126-127 becomes p. 126-7, but p. 126A-127A is correct.
Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number. For example: p. S10-8.
End location with a period

For parts without page numbers:

Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the part, whichever is most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 10 p.]
End location information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

Box 82

Roman numerals for page numbers.

Box 83

No page numbers appear on the pages of the part.

Box 84

Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

Examples for Location (Pagination)

10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location (pagination)
11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page numbers
12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of screens
13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of paragraphs
14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of bytes
15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be provided
16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip

Availability for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Availability

Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the part in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
Use the URL for the homepage if the part does not have its own URL; check HTML file properties to be sure
End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation

Specific Rules for Availability

Box 85

Breaking long URLs.

Box 86

URLs not directly addressable.

Box 87

Multiple URLs.

Examples for Availability

17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable
18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs

Language for a Part of a Web Site (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of publication if not English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

Parts appearing in more than one language

Box 88

Parts appearing in more than one language.

Examples for Language

5. Part of a Web site not in English
6. Part of a Web site with equal text in two or more languages

Notes for a Part of a Web Site (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Box 89

System requirements.

Box 90

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements
20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included

Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

1. Standard part of a Web site

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. AMA launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html

Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Index to drug-specific information [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; [updated 2009 Jun 4]. Sleep disorder (sedative-hypnotic) drug information; [updated 2009 May 21; cited 2009 Jun 10]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm101557.htm

2. Part of a Web site with name and number

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Mar 28]. Information update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised assessment of mercury in fish enhances protection while reflecting advice in Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour 2007-31, Les normes revisees de Sante Canada sur le mercure dans le poisson assurent une meilleure protection et refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar 28 [cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_e.html ; http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_f.html English, French.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.

3. Part of a Web site with name added

fruits & veggies - more matters™ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health Foundation; c2007. [Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22

NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10 [modified 2007 Feb 28]. [Table], Percent who drink beverage alcohol, by gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/AlcoholConsumption/PercentAlcoholGender.htm

NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html

4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period

NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb 12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

5. Part of a Web site not in English

with translation

Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay? [What types of breast cancer are there?]; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind [Press release 2006 (159), When nerve cells can't make contact]; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.

6. Part of a Web site with equal text in two or more languages

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of the Web site

CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3]. Summary Table for NIH CDE Initiatives; 2012 Nov 21 [updated 2015 Feb 5; cited 2015 Apr 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/summary_table_1.html

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2007 Mar 25]. Clinical resources for neonatology and perinatology: information about sick newborns for professionals and families; 1995 Oct 31 [modified 2006 Jul 1; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/neo.clinical.html

8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html

Lab Tests Online^® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html

cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003. Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatment/Chemotherapy

9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 - . Visual Culture and Health Posters; [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/VC/.

10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location (pagination)

the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf

11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page numbers

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1988 Oct] - . Heart attack; [updated 2015 May 4; cited 2015 May 6]; [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html

12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of screens

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007. American Nurse Today; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/anajournal/.

AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington: The Association; c1995-2007. Press release, U.S. medical school enrollment projected to increase by 17 percent; 2007 Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/pressrel/2007/070212.htm

13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of paragraphs

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Energy therapies; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [3 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/dIndex.cfm?pn=7B632E4A-56B2-11D5-812100508B603A14

14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of bytes

15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be provided

MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Mar 26]. E. coli infections; [reviewed 2007 Feb 12; updated 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html

NHS in England [Internet]. London: NHS Connecting for Health; [updated 2007 Mar 27]. History of the NHS; [cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/england/aboutTheNHS/history/default.cmsx

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007. Caregivers; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/coping/coping.cfm?c=1

BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1997-2006 [updated 2007 Mar 19]. Avian influenza; [updated 2005 Dec 30; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/OC/avianinfluenza.html

16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video], Animated heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the menu. English, Spanish.

17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable

18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs

19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements

20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included

The American Academy of Pain Medicine: the Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf Approved by the AAPM Executive Committee on January 14, 1999.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

Bookshelf ID: NBK7274

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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 25, Web Sites. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2015 Aug 11].
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In this Page

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Homepages
Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages
Examples of Citations to Homepages
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Web Sites
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites
Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

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