C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver in response to tissue i... more C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver in response to tissue injury or systemic inflammation, its release is stimulated by cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Elevated CRP levels have been linked to an increased risk of later development of diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension. Baseline level of C-reactive protein in apparently healthy men and women predict long-term risk of a first myocardial infarction. The study design was cross-sectional conducted among apparently healthy adult relative of patients and hospital staff of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals complex (OAUTHC) Ile Ife, Osun State south western Nigeria. Serum lipids and fasting blood glucose were measured, while C-reactive protein measurement was based on the principle of solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Atotal of 50 apparently healthy consecutive adult subjects were recruited into the study comprising 19 male and 31 ...
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of the peripheral vesse... more Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of the peripheral vessels of the upper and lower limbs. It usually occurs as part of systemic atherosclerosis in the coronary and cerebral arteries. The prevalence of PAD is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future owing to the rise in the occurrence of its major risk factors. Nonhealing ulcers, limb amputation and physical disability are some of its major complications. Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major risk for PAD, with DM patients having more than two-fold increased prevalence of PAD compared with the general population. The clinical presentation in people with DM also differs slightly from that in the general population. In addition, PAD in DM may lead to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which precipitate hyperglycaemic emergencies and result in increased hospital admissions, reduced quality of life, and mortality. Despite the epidemiological and clinical importance of PAD, it remains largely under diagnosed and hence undertreated, possibly because it is largely asymptomatic. Emphasis has been placed on neuropathy as a cause of DFUs, however PAD is equally important. This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of lower limb PAD in people with diabetes and relates these to the general population. It also highlights recent innovations in the management of PAD.
International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics, 2021
Engineering smart software that can monitor, predict, and control blood glucose is critical to im... more Engineering smart software that can monitor, predict, and control blood glucose is critical to improving patients' quality of treatments with type 1 Diabetic Mellitus (T1DM). However, ensuring a reasonable glycemic level in diabetic patients is quite challenging, as many methods do not adequately capture the complexities involved in glycemic control. This problem introduces a new level of complexity and uncertainty to the patient's psychological state, thereby making this problem nonlinear and unobservable. In this paper, we formulated a mathematical model using carbohydrate counting, insulin requirements, and the Harris-Benedict energy equations to establish the framework for predicting and controlling blood glucose level regulation in T1DM. We implemented the framework and evaluated its performance using root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) on a case study. Our framework had less error rate in terms of RMSE and MAE, which indicates a better fit with ...
Diabetes and blindness are important health issues globally; we determined the prevalence of blin... more Diabetes and blindness are important health issues globally; we determined the prevalence of blindness, diabetic retinopathy, and other eye diseases in Nigerian-type 2 diabetics. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on consenting type 2 diabetic patients who had scheduled comprehensive eye examination including dilated funduscopy with +78DS. Visual status was graded using the WHO criteria. Approval from Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. Primary outcome measures were the prevalence and causes of blindness as well as prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Secondary outcome measures were the presence of other eye diseases. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13. Two hundred and sixty-six eyes of 133 type 2 diabetic patients aged 22-89Â years were studied; 69 (51.9Â %) were males while 64 (48.1Â %) were females. Five (3.8Â %) patients were blind while 27 (20.3Â %) were visually impaired. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness (60Â %) and visual impairment was found in 59.3Â %. Diabetic retinopathy was present in 37 (27.8Â %) diabetic patients of which 5 (3.8Â %) were proliferative. Diabetic macular edema was present in 31 (23.3Â %) patients. Severe visual impairment and blindness were commoner in those with diabetic retinopathy. Refractive error 67 (25.2Â %), cataract 63 (23.7Â %), and chronic glaucoma 44 (16.5Â %) were the most prevalent non-diabetic retinopathy eye diseases. High prevalence of blindness, diabetic retinopathy, and other diseases are seen in type 2 diabetics. Health education, early diagnosis as well as treatment of diabetic retinopathy and other diseases will largely alleviate these ocular morbidities.
Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria
Thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. These include ... more Thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. These include a decline in the systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output and cardiac contractility. Exposure to excess thyroid hormone, as occurs in thyrotoxicosis, can not only aggravate preexisting cardiac disease but also by itself lead to cardiac disease. More patients are being reported with thyrotoxicosis in Nigeria while the facilities for diagnosis and treatment are improving and becoming more available. There should therefore be a greater awareness of the cardiac problems associated with thyrotoxicosis, especially atrial fibrillation and cardiac failure. Initial management of heart disease in thyrotoxicosis should focus on the prompt alleviation of hyperthyroidism combined with judicious use of diuretics, digoxin and beta-blockers.
To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Ope... more To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Operable Cataract and ascertain association between Vitamin C levels and Blood Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular pressure. Thirty Diabetic and Thirty Non-Diabetic Patients cataract surgical patients were matched for age and sex and selected for the study. Plasma fasting blood glucose and whole blood glycated Haemoglobin levels were determined by glucose oxidase enzymatic assay and immunodetection methods respectively. Cataractous lens samples obtained during surgery were weighed and homogenized in 10 volumes of phosphate buffer pH 7 and the resulting homogenate centrifuged at 18,000 g for 5 minutes at 4˚C, separated and supernatant stored at -80˚C. Vitamin C assay was carried out using commercial assay kits. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Age range of participants was 55 - 83 years, with a mean of 66.7 ± 1.8 years. Mean Vitamin C levels in the Diabetic and Non-Diabetic...
Background: Management of diabetic patients cut across many specialties because of the diverse pr... more Background: Management of diabetic patients cut across many specialties because of the diverse presentations and complications of the disease. About a third of patients with type 2 diabetes are on insulin either alone or in combination with oral anti- diabetic agents. Also, all patients with type 1 diabetes are on insulin. This study assessed diabetes- related knowledge of health care professionals in a tertiary institution with particular emphasis on inpatient diabetes management skills and insulin therapy. Methodology and design : This cross- sectional study utilised a 42- item questionnaire in assessing diabetesrelated knowledge of specialists, resident doctors and nurses in departments of medicine, surgery, and gynaecology at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Results : Of the 185 subjects approached, 155 completed the questionnaire. Knowledge was highest among specialists and lowest among nurses. Participants from the Internal Medicine service (specialists, residents...
Background Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of ... more Background Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Very few published data on IDFU exist in most West African countries. Objective The study investigated the aetiology and antibacterial drug resistance burden of IDFU in tertiary hospitals in Osun state, Nigeria, between July 2016 and April 2017. Methods Isolates were cultured from tissue biopsies or aspirates collected from patients with IDFU. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production were done by established protocols. Specific resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results There were 218 microorganisms isolated from 93 IDFUs, comprising 129 (59.2%) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 59 (27.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 29 (13.3%) anaerobic bacteria. The top five facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (34; 1...
Introduction Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds,... more Introduction Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds, as plant-derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well-being. Their role is two-fold in the development of new drugs: (1) they may become the basis for the development of new medicine, i.e. a natural blueprint for the development of new drugs; or (2) a phytomedicine to be used for the treatment of disease. Though there is availability of various orthodox drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases in Nigeria, there is increasing interest in herbal remedies.1 The seeds of Garcinia kola (GK) form a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases, including asthma.2 Garcinia kola Heckel belongs to the family Guttiferae, and it is commonly called bitter kola. In Nigeria, the plant is valued because of its edible nuts. The plant exhibits very potent pharmacological ...
Introduction: The average life expectancy and the prevalence of diabetes are increasing. Among th... more Introduction: The average life expectancy and the prevalence of diabetes are increasing. Among the elderly population, type 2 diabetes is a growing problem, with a large proportion of newly diagnosed diabetics. Treating elderly diabetes can present unique challenges. Impaired ...
scarce information on the implications of diabetes for pulmonary function, existing evidence sugg... more scarce information on the implications of diabetes for pulmonary function, existing evidence suggests that the respiratory system might also be affected by diabetes. We therefore conducted a cross- sectional study of pulmonary function in male Nigerian diabetes patients using spirometric indices. Seventy-six male diabetes patients aged 27-80 years were studied at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Overall, all lung function parameters/volumes stud- ied were significantly lower in the diabetes patients compared with predicted values p=0.000. Patients' ages correlated negatively with all spirometric indices but there was no significant relationship between lung function and fasting blood sugar, body mass index, or diabetic microvascular complications. The implications of abnormal lung function param- eters for respiratory disease in diabetes are unclear. Routine tests of pulmonary function are not presently ...
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver in response to tissue i... more C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver in response to tissue injury or systemic inflammation, its release is stimulated by cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Elevated CRP levels have been linked to an increased risk of later development of diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension. Baseline level of C-reactive protein in apparently healthy men and women predict long-term risk of a first myocardial infarction. The study design was cross-sectional conducted among apparently healthy adult relative of patients and hospital staff of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals complex (OAUTHC) Ile Ife, Osun State south western Nigeria. Serum lipids and fasting blood glucose were measured, while C-reactive protein measurement was based on the principle of solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Atotal of 50 apparently healthy consecutive adult subjects were recruited into the study comprising 19 male and 31 ...
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of the peripheral vesse... more Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of the peripheral vessels of the upper and lower limbs. It usually occurs as part of systemic atherosclerosis in the coronary and cerebral arteries. The prevalence of PAD is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future owing to the rise in the occurrence of its major risk factors. Nonhealing ulcers, limb amputation and physical disability are some of its major complications. Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a major risk for PAD, with DM patients having more than two-fold increased prevalence of PAD compared with the general population. The clinical presentation in people with DM also differs slightly from that in the general population. In addition, PAD in DM may lead to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which precipitate hyperglycaemic emergencies and result in increased hospital admissions, reduced quality of life, and mortality. Despite the epidemiological and clinical importance of PAD, it remains largely under diagnosed and hence undertreated, possibly because it is largely asymptomatic. Emphasis has been placed on neuropathy as a cause of DFUs, however PAD is equally important. This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of lower limb PAD in people with diabetes and relates these to the general population. It also highlights recent innovations in the management of PAD.
International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics, 2021
Engineering smart software that can monitor, predict, and control blood glucose is critical to im... more Engineering smart software that can monitor, predict, and control blood glucose is critical to improving patients' quality of treatments with type 1 Diabetic Mellitus (T1DM). However, ensuring a reasonable glycemic level in diabetic patients is quite challenging, as many methods do not adequately capture the complexities involved in glycemic control. This problem introduces a new level of complexity and uncertainty to the patient's psychological state, thereby making this problem nonlinear and unobservable. In this paper, we formulated a mathematical model using carbohydrate counting, insulin requirements, and the Harris-Benedict energy equations to establish the framework for predicting and controlling blood glucose level regulation in T1DM. We implemented the framework and evaluated its performance using root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) on a case study. Our framework had less error rate in terms of RMSE and MAE, which indicates a better fit with ...
Diabetes and blindness are important health issues globally; we determined the prevalence of blin... more Diabetes and blindness are important health issues globally; we determined the prevalence of blindness, diabetic retinopathy, and other eye diseases in Nigerian-type 2 diabetics. A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on consenting type 2 diabetic patients who had scheduled comprehensive eye examination including dilated funduscopy with +78DS. Visual status was graded using the WHO criteria. Approval from Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. Primary outcome measures were the prevalence and causes of blindness as well as prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Secondary outcome measures were the presence of other eye diseases. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13. Two hundred and sixty-six eyes of 133 type 2 diabetic patients aged 22-89Â years were studied; 69 (51.9Â %) were males while 64 (48.1Â %) were females. Five (3.8Â %) patients were blind while 27 (20.3Â %) were visually impaired. Cataract was the leading cause of blindness (60Â %) and visual impairment was found in 59.3Â %. Diabetic retinopathy was present in 37 (27.8Â %) diabetic patients of which 5 (3.8Â %) were proliferative. Diabetic macular edema was present in 31 (23.3Â %) patients. Severe visual impairment and blindness were commoner in those with diabetic retinopathy. Refractive error 67 (25.2Â %), cataract 63 (23.7Â %), and chronic glaucoma 44 (16.5Â %) were the most prevalent non-diabetic retinopathy eye diseases. High prevalence of blindness, diabetic retinopathy, and other diseases are seen in type 2 diabetics. Health education, early diagnosis as well as treatment of diabetic retinopathy and other diseases will largely alleviate these ocular morbidities.
Nigerian journal of medicine : journal of the National Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria
Thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. These include ... more Thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. These include a decline in the systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output and cardiac contractility. Exposure to excess thyroid hormone, as occurs in thyrotoxicosis, can not only aggravate preexisting cardiac disease but also by itself lead to cardiac disease. More patients are being reported with thyrotoxicosis in Nigeria while the facilities for diagnosis and treatment are improving and becoming more available. There should therefore be a greater awareness of the cardiac problems associated with thyrotoxicosis, especially atrial fibrillation and cardiac failure. Initial management of heart disease in thyrotoxicosis should focus on the prompt alleviation of hyperthyroidism combined with judicious use of diuretics, digoxin and beta-blockers.
To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Ope... more To determine the amount of Vitamin C in the lenses of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Operable Cataract and ascertain association between Vitamin C levels and Blood Glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin and Intraocular pressure. Thirty Diabetic and Thirty Non-Diabetic Patients cataract surgical patients were matched for age and sex and selected for the study. Plasma fasting blood glucose and whole blood glycated Haemoglobin levels were determined by glucose oxidase enzymatic assay and immunodetection methods respectively. Cataractous lens samples obtained during surgery were weighed and homogenized in 10 volumes of phosphate buffer pH 7 and the resulting homogenate centrifuged at 18,000 g for 5 minutes at 4˚C, separated and supernatant stored at -80˚C. Vitamin C assay was carried out using commercial assay kits. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Age range of participants was 55 - 83 years, with a mean of 66.7 ± 1.8 years. Mean Vitamin C levels in the Diabetic and Non-Diabetic...
Background: Management of diabetic patients cut across many specialties because of the diverse pr... more Background: Management of diabetic patients cut across many specialties because of the diverse presentations and complications of the disease. About a third of patients with type 2 diabetes are on insulin either alone or in combination with oral anti- diabetic agents. Also, all patients with type 1 diabetes are on insulin. This study assessed diabetes- related knowledge of health care professionals in a tertiary institution with particular emphasis on inpatient diabetes management skills and insulin therapy. Methodology and design : This cross- sectional study utilised a 42- item questionnaire in assessing diabetesrelated knowledge of specialists, resident doctors and nurses in departments of medicine, surgery, and gynaecology at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Results : Of the 185 subjects approached, 155 completed the questionnaire. Knowledge was highest among specialists and lowest among nurses. Participants from the Internal Medicine service (specialists, residents...
Background Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of ... more Background Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Very few published data on IDFU exist in most West African countries. Objective The study investigated the aetiology and antibacterial drug resistance burden of IDFU in tertiary hospitals in Osun state, Nigeria, between July 2016 and April 2017. Methods Isolates were cultured from tissue biopsies or aspirates collected from patients with IDFU. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production were done by established protocols. Specific resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results There were 218 microorganisms isolated from 93 IDFUs, comprising 129 (59.2%) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 59 (27.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 29 (13.3%) anaerobic bacteria. The top five facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (34; 1...
Introduction Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds,... more Introduction Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds, as plant-derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well-being. Their role is two-fold in the development of new drugs: (1) they may become the basis for the development of new medicine, i.e. a natural blueprint for the development of new drugs; or (2) a phytomedicine to be used for the treatment of disease. Though there is availability of various orthodox drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases in Nigeria, there is increasing interest in herbal remedies.1 The seeds of Garcinia kola (GK) form a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases, including asthma.2 Garcinia kola Heckel belongs to the family Guttiferae, and it is commonly called bitter kola. In Nigeria, the plant is valued because of its edible nuts. The plant exhibits very potent pharmacological ...
Introduction: The average life expectancy and the prevalence of diabetes are increasing. Among th... more Introduction: The average life expectancy and the prevalence of diabetes are increasing. Among the elderly population, type 2 diabetes is a growing problem, with a large proportion of newly diagnosed diabetics. Treating elderly diabetes can present unique challenges. Impaired ...
scarce information on the implications of diabetes for pulmonary function, existing evidence sugg... more scarce information on the implications of diabetes for pulmonary function, existing evidence suggests that the respiratory system might also be affected by diabetes. We therefore conducted a cross- sectional study of pulmonary function in male Nigerian diabetes patients using spirometric indices. Seventy-six male diabetes patients aged 27-80 years were studied at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Overall, all lung function parameters/volumes stud- ied were significantly lower in the diabetes patients compared with predicted values p=0.000. Patients' ages correlated negatively with all spirometric indices but there was no significant relationship between lung function and fasting blood sugar, body mass index, or diabetic microvascular complications. The implications of abnormal lung function param- eters for respiratory disease in diabetes are unclear. Routine tests of pulmonary function are not presently ...
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