Introduction Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of... more Introduction Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years in 2010. Despite the fact that obesity and overweight is a problem of high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in particular urban settings of sub-Saharan African countries, face the challenge of an increasing trend. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and to help guide policy planners in the decision-making process for the increase in non-communicable diseases in Africa. Methods and analyses A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the prevalence of obesity and overweight in sub-Saharan Africa will be conducted. A computerised internet search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases and reference lists of previous prevalence studies and det...
BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem. More than three-quarters... more BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem. More than three-quarters of HBV infection occur in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring HBV, hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections via exposure to patients’ blood and bodily fluids. HBV infection is a recognized occupational hazard, and non-immune health professionals are at risk of acquiring the infection from their work. This study was intended to assess the level of HBV vaccination status and factors affecting the vaccination status of health care workers in Shashemene Zonal Town.MethodsInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted and a simple random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. A total of 423 HCWs were enrolled in the study. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the required information through a face to face interview. Finally, data were processed and analyzed using Epi in...
Summary Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for b... more Summary Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly av...
BackgroundThe 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a uni... more BackgroundThe 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity to build healthier and more prosperous societies. The right nutrition during this time can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn, and rise out of poverty. An essential nutrition action is one of the most effective preventive actions for reducing nutrition-related morbidity and mortality among young children. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence regarding the practice of essential nutrition action and its associated factors.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to assess the practice of key essential nutrition action messages and associated factors among mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda, South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 563 mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda from April 1–30, 2018. A multi-stage sampling tec...
Background: Obesity and overweight pose major risk for serious diet-related chronic diseases, inc... more Background: Obesity and overweight pose major risk for serious diet-related chronic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and certain forms of cancer. Even though there is no well-documented information recently, chronic diseases that are directly or indirectly related to overweight and obesity are increasing in Ethiopia especially in urban areas. Objective: the main aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and its determinant factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 463 elementary school children in Addis Ababa. Study participants were selected using multi stage sampling from 10 public and 10 private elementary Schools. Overweight and obesity was determined using CDC 2000, BMI percentile chart. Socio-demographic and other determinants of childhood overweight were assessed. Data were collected using combination of interview of children and self-administered questionnaire...
Essential nutrition action (ENA) is one of the most effective preventive actions for combating nu... more Essential nutrition action (ENA) is one of the most effective preventive actions for combating nutritional problems in young children. There is, however, a paucity of evidence about mother's knowledge and attitude regarding key ENA messages. The objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers towards key ENA messages and associated factors. A representative sample of 563 mothers of children from birth up to 24 months in mainly rural North Ethiopia was included in the study. The findings showed that 66⋅4 % of the mothers have a good knowledge and 68⋅9 % have a good attitude. In the multivariable analysis using logistic regression, mothers who attended secondary school or higher education were six times more likely to have a good knowledge (AOR 6⋅1; CI 2⋅945, 12⋅719) compared with those who are illiterate. Besides, women who resided in an urban area (AOR 2⋅2; CI 1⋅14, 4⋅25), attended antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR 3⋅7; CI 2⋅421, 5⋅742), attende...
Background Hypoxic perinatal brain injury is caused by lack of oxygen to baby’s brain and can lea... more Background Hypoxic perinatal brain injury is caused by lack of oxygen to baby’s brain and can lead to death or permanent brain damage. However, the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in birth asphyxiated infants with encephalopathy is uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled relative risk of mortality among birth asphyxiated neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a global context. Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to search randomized control trials from electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and meta register of Current Controlled Trials (mCRT)). The authors extracted the author’s name, year of publication, country, method of cooling, the severity of encephalopathy, the sample size in the hypothermic, and non-hypothermic groups, a...
Background Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of death in under-five children, neonatal... more Background Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of death in under-five children, neonatal mortality has shown little or no concomitant reduction globally. It is also one of the most common causes of neonatal death in Ethiopia. Little is known on predictors of neonatal sepsis. Risk based screening and commencement of treatment appreciably reduces neonatal death and illness. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify predictors of neonatal sepsis in public referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted among a total of 231 neonates in Debre Markos and Felege Hiwot referral hospitals from March 2018- April 2018. Neonates who fulfill the preseted criteria for sepsis were considered as cases and neonates diagnosed with other medical reasons except sepsis were controls. For each case, two consecutive controls were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using structured pretested questionnaire through a face to face interview with index mothers and by reviewing neonatal record using checklist. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA/ SE software version 14. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed. Statistical significance was declared at P<0.05. Result Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that, duration of rupture of membrane ≥ 18hours was significantly associated with sepsis (AOR = 10.4, 95%CI = 2.3–46.5). The other independent predictors of neonatal sepsis were number of maternal antenatal care service ≤3 (AOR = 4.4, 95%CI = 1.7–11.5), meconium stained amniotic fluid (AOR = 3.9, 95%CI = 1.5–9.8), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (AOR = 10.8, 95% CI = 3.4–33.9), intranatal fever (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.1–9.5), first minute APGAR score <7 (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.3–7.7), resuscitation at birth (AOR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.9–15.5), nasogastric tube insertion (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.4–10.2). Conclusion Neonatal invasive procedures, ANC follow up during pregnancy, different conditions during birth like meconium stained amniotic fluid, low APGAR score and resuscitation at birth were the independent predictors of neonatal sepsis.
ObjectivesThe study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of maternally perceived baby birth size... more ObjectivesThe study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of maternally perceived baby birth size assessments as a measure of birth weight and examine factors influencing the accuracy of maternal size assessments.Study designCross-sectional study.SettingThe study is based on national data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.ParticipantsWe included 1455 children who had both birth size and birth weight data.Main outcome measuresPredictive accuracy of baby birth size for low birth weight. Level of discordance between maternally perceived birth size and birth weight including factors influencing discordance.ResultsMother-reported baby birth size had low sensitivity (57%) and positive predictive value (41%) to indicate low birth weight but had high specificity (89%) and negative predictive values (94%). The per cent of agreement between birth weight (<2500 g vs ≥2500 g) and maternally perceived birth size (small size vs average or above) was 86% and kappa statistics...
Background The 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a un... more Background The 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity to build healthier and more prosperous societies. The right nutrition during this time can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn, and rise out of poverty. An essential nutrition action is one of the most effective preventive actions for reducing nutrition-related morbidity and mortality among young children. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence regarding the practice of essential nutrition action and its associated factors. Objective The main aim of this study was to assess the practice of key essential nutrition action messages and associated factors among mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda, South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 563 mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda from April 1–30, 2018. A multi-stage samplin...
Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Dev... more Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of &amp;amp;quot;leaving no one behind&amp;amp;quot;, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted…
Tuberculosis is among the top ten cause of death (9th) from a single infectious agent worldwide. ... more Tuberculosis is among the top ten cause of death (9th) from a single infectious agent worldwide. It even ranks above HIV/AIDS. It is among the top 10 causes of death among children. Globally there are estimates of one million cases of TB in children, 76% occur in 22 high-burden countries among which Ethiopia ranked 8th. Despite this fact, children with TB are given low priority in most national health programs. Moreover reports on childhood TB and its predictors are very limited. Therefore this study aimed to assess predictors of pediatric Tuberculosis in Public Health Facilities. Unmatched case control study among a total samples of 432 (144 cases and 288 controls) were done from August to December 2016 in Bale zone, South East Ethiopia. Pediatric TB patients who attended health facilities for DOTS and those who attended health facilities providing DOTS service for any health problem except for TB were the study population for cases and controls, respectively. For each case two con...
Stunting reflects chronic undernutrition during the most critical periods of growth and developme... more Stunting reflects chronic undernutrition during the most critical periods of growth and development in early life. The study was aimed at assessing the magnitude of stunting and associated factors among children aged 6-59 month in central Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 children aged between 6 and 59 months. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered using EPI INFO version 3.5.1, and analysis was done by SPSS version 21 and ENA, 2007 software for anthropometric calculation. World Health Organization standard 2006 was used to analyse anthropometric data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were also carried out to identify predictors of stunting. Statistical significance was declared at < 0.05 and 95% CI. Overall magnitude of stunting was 52.4 (95% CI: 47.6-57.2). Being female (AOR: 2.8...
Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of lif... more Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years in 2010. Despite the fact that obesity and overweight is a problem of high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in particular urban settings of sub-Saharan African countries, face the challenge of an increasing trend. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and to help guide policy planners in the decision-making process for the increase in non-communicable diseases in Africa. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the prevalence of obesity and overweight in sub-Saharan Africa will be conducted. A computerised internet search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases and reference lists of previous prevalence studies and detailed search strategy and cross-ch...
The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a g... more The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a global epidemic in 1997. With the increasingly dwindling space for private schools in Ethiopia, unresolved concerns exist among the public regarding the possible effect of limited play areas in schools on overweight/obesity. This study intended to determine and compare the levels of overweight/obesity among adolescents in private schools with and without adequate play area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A school-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,276 adolescents. Twenty private schools were grouped into 2 groups based on the size of the play area. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements and analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and logistic regression. The magnitude of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in schools with inadequate play area (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4 to 22.7) than in schools ...
Introduction Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of... more Introduction Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years in 2010. Despite the fact that obesity and overweight is a problem of high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in particular urban settings of sub-Saharan African countries, face the challenge of an increasing trend. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and to help guide policy planners in the decision-making process for the increase in non-communicable diseases in Africa. Methods and analyses A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the prevalence of obesity and overweight in sub-Saharan Africa will be conducted. A computerised internet search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases and reference lists of previous prevalence studies and det...
BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem. More than three-quarters... more BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem. More than three-quarters of HBV infection occur in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring HBV, hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections via exposure to patients’ blood and bodily fluids. HBV infection is a recognized occupational hazard, and non-immune health professionals are at risk of acquiring the infection from their work. This study was intended to assess the level of HBV vaccination status and factors affecting the vaccination status of health care workers in Shashemene Zonal Town.MethodsInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted and a simple random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. A total of 423 HCWs were enrolled in the study. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the required information through a face to face interview. Finally, data were processed and analyzed using Epi in...
Summary Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for b... more Summary Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly av...
BackgroundThe 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a uni... more BackgroundThe 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity to build healthier and more prosperous societies. The right nutrition during this time can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn, and rise out of poverty. An essential nutrition action is one of the most effective preventive actions for reducing nutrition-related morbidity and mortality among young children. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence regarding the practice of essential nutrition action and its associated factors.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to assess the practice of key essential nutrition action messages and associated factors among mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda, South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 563 mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda from April 1–30, 2018. A multi-stage sampling tec...
Background: Obesity and overweight pose major risk for serious diet-related chronic diseases, inc... more Background: Obesity and overweight pose major risk for serious diet-related chronic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and certain forms of cancer. Even though there is no well-documented information recently, chronic diseases that are directly or indirectly related to overweight and obesity are increasing in Ethiopia especially in urban areas. Objective: the main aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity and its determinant factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 463 elementary school children in Addis Ababa. Study participants were selected using multi stage sampling from 10 public and 10 private elementary Schools. Overweight and obesity was determined using CDC 2000, BMI percentile chart. Socio-demographic and other determinants of childhood overweight were assessed. Data were collected using combination of interview of children and self-administered questionnaire...
Essential nutrition action (ENA) is one of the most effective preventive actions for combating nu... more Essential nutrition action (ENA) is one of the most effective preventive actions for combating nutritional problems in young children. There is, however, a paucity of evidence about mother's knowledge and attitude regarding key ENA messages. The objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers towards key ENA messages and associated factors. A representative sample of 563 mothers of children from birth up to 24 months in mainly rural North Ethiopia was included in the study. The findings showed that 66⋅4 % of the mothers have a good knowledge and 68⋅9 % have a good attitude. In the multivariable analysis using logistic regression, mothers who attended secondary school or higher education were six times more likely to have a good knowledge (AOR 6⋅1; CI 2⋅945, 12⋅719) compared with those who are illiterate. Besides, women who resided in an urban area (AOR 2⋅2; CI 1⋅14, 4⋅25), attended antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR 3⋅7; CI 2⋅421, 5⋅742), attende...
Background Hypoxic perinatal brain injury is caused by lack of oxygen to baby’s brain and can lea... more Background Hypoxic perinatal brain injury is caused by lack of oxygen to baby’s brain and can lead to death or permanent brain damage. However, the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in birth asphyxiated infants with encephalopathy is uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled relative risk of mortality among birth asphyxiated neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a global context. Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to search randomized control trials from electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and meta register of Current Controlled Trials (mCRT)). The authors extracted the author’s name, year of publication, country, method of cooling, the severity of encephalopathy, the sample size in the hypothermic, and non-hypothermic groups, a...
Background Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of death in under-five children, neonatal... more Background Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of death in under-five children, neonatal mortality has shown little or no concomitant reduction globally. It is also one of the most common causes of neonatal death in Ethiopia. Little is known on predictors of neonatal sepsis. Risk based screening and commencement of treatment appreciably reduces neonatal death and illness. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify predictors of neonatal sepsis in public referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted among a total of 231 neonates in Debre Markos and Felege Hiwot referral hospitals from March 2018- April 2018. Neonates who fulfill the preseted criteria for sepsis were considered as cases and neonates diagnosed with other medical reasons except sepsis were controls. For each case, two consecutive controls were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using structured pretested questionnaire through a face to face interview with index mothers and by reviewing neonatal record using checklist. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to STATA/ SE software version 14. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed. Statistical significance was declared at P<0.05. Result Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that, duration of rupture of membrane ≥ 18hours was significantly associated with sepsis (AOR = 10.4, 95%CI = 2.3–46.5). The other independent predictors of neonatal sepsis were number of maternal antenatal care service ≤3 (AOR = 4.4, 95%CI = 1.7–11.5), meconium stained amniotic fluid (AOR = 3.9, 95%CI = 1.5–9.8), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (AOR = 10.8, 95% CI = 3.4–33.9), intranatal fever (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.1–9.5), first minute APGAR score <7 (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.3–7.7), resuscitation at birth (AOR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.9–15.5), nasogastric tube insertion (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.4–10.2). Conclusion Neonatal invasive procedures, ANC follow up during pregnancy, different conditions during birth like meconium stained amniotic fluid, low APGAR score and resuscitation at birth were the independent predictors of neonatal sepsis.
ObjectivesThe study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of maternally perceived baby birth size... more ObjectivesThe study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of maternally perceived baby birth size assessments as a measure of birth weight and examine factors influencing the accuracy of maternal size assessments.Study designCross-sectional study.SettingThe study is based on national data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.ParticipantsWe included 1455 children who had both birth size and birth weight data.Main outcome measuresPredictive accuracy of baby birth size for low birth weight. Level of discordance between maternally perceived birth size and birth weight including factors influencing discordance.ResultsMother-reported baby birth size had low sensitivity (57%) and positive predictive value (41%) to indicate low birth weight but had high specificity (89%) and negative predictive values (94%). The per cent of agreement between birth weight (<2500 g vs ≥2500 g) and maternally perceived birth size (small size vs average or above) was 86% and kappa statistics...
Background The 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a un... more Background The 1000 days, between a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity to build healthier and more prosperous societies. The right nutrition during this time can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn, and rise out of poverty. An essential nutrition action is one of the most effective preventive actions for reducing nutrition-related morbidity and mortality among young children. Nonetheless, there is limited evidence regarding the practice of essential nutrition action and its associated factors. Objective The main aim of this study was to assess the practice of key essential nutrition action messages and associated factors among mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda, South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 563 mothers of children from birth up to 2 years old in Wereilu Wereda from April 1–30, 2018. A multi-stage samplin...
Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Dev... more Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of &amp;amp;quot;leaving no one behind&amp;amp;quot;, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted…
Tuberculosis is among the top ten cause of death (9th) from a single infectious agent worldwide. ... more Tuberculosis is among the top ten cause of death (9th) from a single infectious agent worldwide. It even ranks above HIV/AIDS. It is among the top 10 causes of death among children. Globally there are estimates of one million cases of TB in children, 76% occur in 22 high-burden countries among which Ethiopia ranked 8th. Despite this fact, children with TB are given low priority in most national health programs. Moreover reports on childhood TB and its predictors are very limited. Therefore this study aimed to assess predictors of pediatric Tuberculosis in Public Health Facilities. Unmatched case control study among a total samples of 432 (144 cases and 288 controls) were done from August to December 2016 in Bale zone, South East Ethiopia. Pediatric TB patients who attended health facilities for DOTS and those who attended health facilities providing DOTS service for any health problem except for TB were the study population for cases and controls, respectively. For each case two con...
Stunting reflects chronic undernutrition during the most critical periods of growth and developme... more Stunting reflects chronic undernutrition during the most critical periods of growth and development in early life. The study was aimed at assessing the magnitude of stunting and associated factors among children aged 6-59 month in central Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 children aged between 6 and 59 months. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered using EPI INFO version 3.5.1, and analysis was done by SPSS version 21 and ENA, 2007 software for anthropometric calculation. World Health Organization standard 2006 was used to analyse anthropometric data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were also carried out to identify predictors of stunting. Statistical significance was declared at < 0.05 and 95% CI. Overall magnitude of stunting was 52.4 (95% CI: 47.6-57.2). Being female (AOR: 2.8...
Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of lif... more Globally, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years in 2010. Despite the fact that obesity and overweight is a problem of high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in particular urban settings of sub-Saharan African countries, face the challenge of an increasing trend. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and to help guide policy planners in the decision-making process for the increase in non-communicable diseases in Africa. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the prevalence of obesity and overweight in sub-Saharan Africa will be conducted. A computerised internet search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases and reference lists of previous prevalence studies and detailed search strategy and cross-ch...
The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a g... more The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a global epidemic in 1997. With the increasingly dwindling space for private schools in Ethiopia, unresolved concerns exist among the public regarding the possible effect of limited play areas in schools on overweight/obesity. This study intended to determine and compare the levels of overweight/obesity among adolescents in private schools with and without adequate play area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A school-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,276 adolescents. Twenty private schools were grouped into 2 groups based on the size of the play area. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements and analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and logistic regression. The magnitude of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in schools with inadequate play area (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4 to 22.7) than in schools ...
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