ABSTRACT In the vicinity of Krakow (southem Poland) the Tertiary sediments, wich fill the Carpath... more ABSTRACT In the vicinity of Krakow (southem Poland) the Tertiary sediments, wich fill the Carpathian Foredeep, are protru ded by horsts of Mesozoic limestones creating picturesque landscape. The horsts are cut by deep karst valleys, occasionally filled with Miocene marine clays. This fact has given rise to the long-lasting discussion on the formation of horsts contemporaneously with or ear lier than the development of the Carpathian Foredeep, and on the pre-Miocene versus Pliocene age of the valleys. Studies of Early Tertiary residual deposits produced by weathering of Mesozoic carbonates contributed significantly to the solution of the dating problems. The results allow to conclude that horsts and valleys were formed contemporaneously, during the Oligocene-Lower Miocene uplift, and were uncovered after the Miocene by removal of the Tertiary sediments. Most part of the studied areas has not been restructurized by the subsequent, Alpine tectonic movements. Résumé Près de Cracovie (Pologne méridionale), des horsts de calcaire mésozoïque font saillie dans les sédiments tertiaires qui remplissent l'avant fosse carpatique, ce qui a donné naissance à un paysage pittoresque. Ces horsts sont entaillés par de profondes vallées karstiques, parfois remplies d'argiles marines miocènes. Il en est résulté de longues discussions à propos de l'âge des horsts, contemporains ou antérieurs à la formation de l'avant fosse carpatique, et à propos de l'âge des vallées, pré-miocènes ou pliocènes. L' étude des dépôts résiduels du début du Tertiaire, produits par l'altération des roches carbonatées mésozoïques, a contribué de façon significative à la solution du problème des datations. Les résultats permettent de conclure que les horsts et les vallées se formèrent simultanément, pendant le soulèvement de l'Oligocène et du début du Miocène; ils furent mis à découvert après le Miocène par enlèvement des sédiments tertiaires. La plus grande partie de la région étudiée n'a pas été restructurée par les mouvements tectoniques alpins ultérieurs.
Summary A carbonate buildup near the top of the Upper Jurassic limestone sequence in the Cracow ... more Summary A carbonate buildup near the top of the Upper Jurassic limestone sequence in the Cracow area with a rigid framework built ofTubiphytes and thrombolites, and some fragments of encrusted siliceous sponges and serpules is described. The limestones form a dome-like elevation at the eastern wall of a 15 m high quarry flanked on both sides by stratified limestones with cherts. Six microfacies have been distinguished within the buildup: (1)Tubiphytes/thrombolite boundstone and (2) bioclasticTubiphytes/thrombolite wackestone dominate in the central and bottom part of the buildup. They gradually replace the cyanobacterial crusts and siliceous sponges (3. sponge-algal boundstone), which are sporadically the rock-forming elements in the basal part of the buildup as well as the top. Serpules randomly distributed within the buildup also form small cm-sized structures with a rigid framework (4. serpula-peloid boundstone). (5) tuberoid-peloid wackestone/floatstone and (6) ooid intraclastic grainstone exhibit no significant distributional pattern. Bioclastic-peloidal packstone comprising material derived from the destruction of the buildup occurs in the highest part of the outcrop, overlying the buildup. The sediments of the buildup were subject to rapid lithification, evidence by borings and neptunian microdykes filled with internal sediments, as well as by fracturedTubiphytes. Numerous petrographic features indicate probable episodic emergence of the buildup during its growth; these include asymmetric dissolution textures, asymmetric cements, vadose crystal silt and calcite pseudomorphs after gypsum. Upper Oxfordian carbonate buildups in the Cracow area display various stages of evolution. The carbonate buildup in Mydlniki most closely resembles classical Upper Jurassic reefs.
This paper presents the methods and scope of teaching geological mapping at the Geological Mappin... more This paper presents the methods and scope of teaching geological mapping at the Geological Mapping Department, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environments Protection, Stanis3aw Staszic AGH University of Science and Technology. The main curriculum of Structural Geology and Geological Mapping consists of lectures, laboratory exercises and a summer field practice in Poland, Croatia, Slovakia or Ukraine. Teaching of geological mapping is linked to research done by the staff and to the content of the course Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology (geomorphological mapping). Students have been also taught practical use of the GPS (Global Positioning System).
Nu mer ous fully cored bore holes com pleted in the last years in cen tral Po land (Kleszczów Gra... more Nu mer ous fully cored bore holes com pleted in the last years in cen tral Po land (Kleszczów Graben area, south ern bor der of the Łódź De pres sion) en abled the re search ers to ob tain new sedimentological data on the Oxfordian-Tithonian con tin u ous sed i men tary re cord in the Pol ish part of the north ern Tethys shelf. Twenty-two fa cies were dis tin guished in the sedimentological suc ces sion. The fa cies rep re sent the outer-, midand in ner-ramp en vi ron ments, in clud ing evaporitic ep i sodes and palaeosols. The fa cies doc u ment that the Oxfordian-Lower Kimmeridgian (up to Hypselocyclum) car bon ate ramp has evolved to the Up per Kimmeridgian-Tithonian car bon ate-siliciclastic ramp. Among the Kimmeridgian de pos its, nu mer ous hardgrounds, tidal chan nel de pos its and grav ity flow sed i ments were iden ti fied. The Kleszczów Graben sed i men tary suc ces sion is dis cussed along with the lithostratigraphical units known from the ad ja cent re gions of south ern...
Poludniowy uskok glowny (PUG) rowu Kleszczowa odslonieto w KWB Belchatow na dlugości kilometra we... more Poludniowy uskok glowny (PUG) rowu Kleszczowa odslonieto w KWB Belchatow na dlugości kilometra we wschodniej cześci rowu II rzedu. Uskok cechuje generalny bieg 85o przy znacznej lokalnej zmienności w zakresie 65–110o, upad średnio 70o, szeroka strefa brekcji. Towarzyszą mu podluzne uskoki zrzutowe i znacznie mlodsze nasuniecia o wergencji poludniowej oraz pologie uskoki zrzutowe NE–SW, wystepujące tez w kombinacji z uskokami przesuwczymi WNW–ESE. Nie ma stromych uskokow przesuwczych NW–SE przesuwających prawoskretnie PUG a przyjmowanych na mapach konstruowanych z wiercen. SOUTHERN FRAME FAULT OF THE KLESZCZOW GRABEN — CONCEPT AND FACTS (CENTRAL POLAND) Summary The Southern Frame Fault (SFF) of the Kleszczow Graben is exposed along the distance of about a kilometer in Lignite Mine „Belchatow” in the eastern part of the so-called II–order Graben. The fault reveals general strike 85o at significant local variability (from 65o to 110o) with average dip about 70o and a broad breccia zone...
Oligocene - early Miocene karst deposits and their importance for recognition o the development o... more Oligocene - early Miocene karst deposits and their importance for recognition o the development of tectonics and relief in the Carpathian Foreland, Krakow region, southern Poland The author describes Tertiary continental sediments of karst origin and proves the significance of such studies in recognition of tectonics and paleorelief. The studied sediments of Oligocene and early Miocene ages form the bottom part of Cenozoic sequence in the Krakow sector of the Carpathian Foreland. The sediments are devoid of fossils. Their lithology includes residual clays, green smectite clays and clays with flints, quartz sands. The origin of sediments is related to weathering of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks. The resulting material were deposited in various erosional karst forms commonly developed along the joint surfaces and even at the fault planes. Three karst levels were distinguished. The middle level filled with clays with Oxfordian flints includes a system of karst paleovalleys which are st...
The paper presents a comparative analysis of a Lower Kimmeridgian layer with bored and encrusted ... more The paper presents a comparative analysis of a Lower Kimmeridgian layer with bored and encrusted hiatus concretions collected in three study areas, located in Central Poland. These studies demonstrate distinct similarities between the hiatus concretions in terms of their origin, development and stratigraphic position. The layer with its characteristic concretions seems to represent an important marker horizon for the Lower Kimmeridgian successions in Central Poland. The identification of this marker horizon in drill cores and exposures could be important for definition of the stratigraphic position of the sediments, which otherwise lack appropriate biostratigraphic information. The matrix of the concretions is composed of pelagic calciturbidites, which reflect flooding of the early Kimmeridgian platform. These sediments were lithified early and formed a hardground. The origin of the hiatus concretions probably is related to erosion of the hardground, followed by redeposition and sev...
ABSTRACT In the vicinity of Krakow (southem Poland) the Tertiary sediments, wich fill the Carpath... more ABSTRACT In the vicinity of Krakow (southem Poland) the Tertiary sediments, wich fill the Carpathian Foredeep, are protru ded by horsts of Mesozoic limestones creating picturesque landscape. The horsts are cut by deep karst valleys, occasionally filled with Miocene marine clays. This fact has given rise to the long-lasting discussion on the formation of horsts contemporaneously with or ear lier than the development of the Carpathian Foredeep, and on the pre-Miocene versus Pliocene age of the valleys. Studies of Early Tertiary residual deposits produced by weathering of Mesozoic carbonates contributed significantly to the solution of the dating problems. The results allow to conclude that horsts and valleys were formed contemporaneously, during the Oligocene-Lower Miocene uplift, and were uncovered after the Miocene by removal of the Tertiary sediments. Most part of the studied areas has not been restructurized by the subsequent, Alpine tectonic movements. Résumé Près de Cracovie (Pologne méridionale), des horsts de calcaire mésozoïque font saillie dans les sédiments tertiaires qui remplissent l'avant fosse carpatique, ce qui a donné naissance à un paysage pittoresque. Ces horsts sont entaillés par de profondes vallées karstiques, parfois remplies d'argiles marines miocènes. Il en est résulté de longues discussions à propos de l'âge des horsts, contemporains ou antérieurs à la formation de l'avant fosse carpatique, et à propos de l'âge des vallées, pré-miocènes ou pliocènes. L' étude des dépôts résiduels du début du Tertiaire, produits par l'altération des roches carbonatées mésozoïques, a contribué de façon significative à la solution du problème des datations. Les résultats permettent de conclure que les horsts et les vallées se formèrent simultanément, pendant le soulèvement de l'Oligocène et du début du Miocène; ils furent mis à découvert après le Miocène par enlèvement des sédiments tertiaires. La plus grande partie de la région étudiée n'a pas été restructurée par les mouvements tectoniques alpins ultérieurs.
Summary A carbonate buildup near the top of the Upper Jurassic limestone sequence in the Cracow ... more Summary A carbonate buildup near the top of the Upper Jurassic limestone sequence in the Cracow area with a rigid framework built ofTubiphytes and thrombolites, and some fragments of encrusted siliceous sponges and serpules is described. The limestones form a dome-like elevation at the eastern wall of a 15 m high quarry flanked on both sides by stratified limestones with cherts. Six microfacies have been distinguished within the buildup: (1)Tubiphytes/thrombolite boundstone and (2) bioclasticTubiphytes/thrombolite wackestone dominate in the central and bottom part of the buildup. They gradually replace the cyanobacterial crusts and siliceous sponges (3. sponge-algal boundstone), which are sporadically the rock-forming elements in the basal part of the buildup as well as the top. Serpules randomly distributed within the buildup also form small cm-sized structures with a rigid framework (4. serpula-peloid boundstone). (5) tuberoid-peloid wackestone/floatstone and (6) ooid intraclastic grainstone exhibit no significant distributional pattern. Bioclastic-peloidal packstone comprising material derived from the destruction of the buildup occurs in the highest part of the outcrop, overlying the buildup. The sediments of the buildup were subject to rapid lithification, evidence by borings and neptunian microdykes filled with internal sediments, as well as by fracturedTubiphytes. Numerous petrographic features indicate probable episodic emergence of the buildup during its growth; these include asymmetric dissolution textures, asymmetric cements, vadose crystal silt and calcite pseudomorphs after gypsum. Upper Oxfordian carbonate buildups in the Cracow area display various stages of evolution. The carbonate buildup in Mydlniki most closely resembles classical Upper Jurassic reefs.
This paper presents the methods and scope of teaching geological mapping at the Geological Mappin... more This paper presents the methods and scope of teaching geological mapping at the Geological Mapping Department, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environments Protection, Stanis3aw Staszic AGH University of Science and Technology. The main curriculum of Structural Geology and Geological Mapping consists of lectures, laboratory exercises and a summer field practice in Poland, Croatia, Slovakia or Ukraine. Teaching of geological mapping is linked to research done by the staff and to the content of the course Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology (geomorphological mapping). Students have been also taught practical use of the GPS (Global Positioning System).
Nu mer ous fully cored bore holes com pleted in the last years in cen tral Po land (Kleszczów Gra... more Nu mer ous fully cored bore holes com pleted in the last years in cen tral Po land (Kleszczów Graben area, south ern bor der of the Łódź De pres sion) en abled the re search ers to ob tain new sedimentological data on the Oxfordian-Tithonian con tin u ous sed i men tary re cord in the Pol ish part of the north ern Tethys shelf. Twenty-two fa cies were dis tin guished in the sedimentological suc ces sion. The fa cies rep re sent the outer-, midand in ner-ramp en vi ron ments, in clud ing evaporitic ep i sodes and palaeosols. The fa cies doc u ment that the Oxfordian-Lower Kimmeridgian (up to Hypselocyclum) car bon ate ramp has evolved to the Up per Kimmeridgian-Tithonian car bon ate-siliciclastic ramp. Among the Kimmeridgian de pos its, nu mer ous hardgrounds, tidal chan nel de pos its and grav ity flow sed i ments were iden ti fied. The Kleszczów Graben sed i men tary suc ces sion is dis cussed along with the lithostratigraphical units known from the ad ja cent re gions of south ern...
Poludniowy uskok glowny (PUG) rowu Kleszczowa odslonieto w KWB Belchatow na dlugości kilometra we... more Poludniowy uskok glowny (PUG) rowu Kleszczowa odslonieto w KWB Belchatow na dlugości kilometra we wschodniej cześci rowu II rzedu. Uskok cechuje generalny bieg 85o przy znacznej lokalnej zmienności w zakresie 65–110o, upad średnio 70o, szeroka strefa brekcji. Towarzyszą mu podluzne uskoki zrzutowe i znacznie mlodsze nasuniecia o wergencji poludniowej oraz pologie uskoki zrzutowe NE–SW, wystepujące tez w kombinacji z uskokami przesuwczymi WNW–ESE. Nie ma stromych uskokow przesuwczych NW–SE przesuwających prawoskretnie PUG a przyjmowanych na mapach konstruowanych z wiercen. SOUTHERN FRAME FAULT OF THE KLESZCZOW GRABEN — CONCEPT AND FACTS (CENTRAL POLAND) Summary The Southern Frame Fault (SFF) of the Kleszczow Graben is exposed along the distance of about a kilometer in Lignite Mine „Belchatow” in the eastern part of the so-called II–order Graben. The fault reveals general strike 85o at significant local variability (from 65o to 110o) with average dip about 70o and a broad breccia zone...
Oligocene - early Miocene karst deposits and their importance for recognition o the development o... more Oligocene - early Miocene karst deposits and their importance for recognition o the development of tectonics and relief in the Carpathian Foreland, Krakow region, southern Poland The author describes Tertiary continental sediments of karst origin and proves the significance of such studies in recognition of tectonics and paleorelief. The studied sediments of Oligocene and early Miocene ages form the bottom part of Cenozoic sequence in the Krakow sector of the Carpathian Foreland. The sediments are devoid of fossils. Their lithology includes residual clays, green smectite clays and clays with flints, quartz sands. The origin of sediments is related to weathering of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks. The resulting material were deposited in various erosional karst forms commonly developed along the joint surfaces and even at the fault planes. Three karst levels were distinguished. The middle level filled with clays with Oxfordian flints includes a system of karst paleovalleys which are st...
The paper presents a comparative analysis of a Lower Kimmeridgian layer with bored and encrusted ... more The paper presents a comparative analysis of a Lower Kimmeridgian layer with bored and encrusted hiatus concretions collected in three study areas, located in Central Poland. These studies demonstrate distinct similarities between the hiatus concretions in terms of their origin, development and stratigraphic position. The layer with its characteristic concretions seems to represent an important marker horizon for the Lower Kimmeridgian successions in Central Poland. The identification of this marker horizon in drill cores and exposures could be important for definition of the stratigraphic position of the sediments, which otherwise lack appropriate biostratigraphic information. The matrix of the concretions is composed of pelagic calciturbidites, which reflect flooding of the early Kimmeridgian platform. These sediments were lithified early and formed a hardground. The origin of the hiatus concretions probably is related to erosion of the hardground, followed by redeposition and sev...
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