Recent evidence (Boles & Eveland, 1983) suggests that mixed-case letter pairs such asAa are match... more Recent evidence (Boles & Eveland, 1983) suggests that mixed-case letter pairs such asAa are matched not through a common phonetic or name code, but rather through the detection of visual equivalence between alternate letter cases. The generation model states that equivalence is detected by internally generating the opposite cases of the letters, which are then compared to the stimulus pair trace. What is lacking in this formulation, however, is evidence that the phonetic or name code can be used for other letter-matching tasks and that it has a predominantly left-hemisphere lateralization. Here eight experiments employed rhyme- and name-matching tasks along with manipulations of phonetic and generation confusion. Meta-analysis of the reaction time and error results shows the expected interaction of task and type of confusion. In addition, a small right visual field or left hemisphere advantage was found for rhyme matches, but not for name matches. It is concluded on both confusion and lateralization grounds that rhyme- and name-matching tasks employ different processes, and that these can be described, respectively, as phonetic and visual in nature.
The fast-generation model for the matching of mixed-case letter pairs (e.g., Aa, Ab) states that ... more The fast-generation model for the matching of mixed-case letter pairs (e.g., Aa, Ab) states that one or both members of a pair activate visual representations in memory of the opposite case, supporting “same” or “different” responses through crossmatching to representations of the pair members themselves. Here the reaction time and error results of three experiments using simultaneous matches support a specific variant of the model in which generation proceeds from the uppercase letter. Furthermore, a manipulation of stimulus onset asynchrony in a fourth experiment using near-simultaneous matches indicates that fast generation produces a visual representation that occurs within 67 msec of initiation and that decays within 200 msec. A fifth experiment contrasts simultaneous and successive matches and in the case of successive matches finds evidence in support of a regeneration process acting after an initial decay. Models of mixed-case matching that are based on the phonetic representation of letter names, or on abstract-letter identities, completely fail to account for the results. Fast generation is distinguishable from slow generation in that it shows fast (vs. slow) dynamics, rapid decay (vs. maintainability), no imagery (vs. imagery), and (probably) automatic (vs. controlled) processing.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-human Perception and Performance, 1998
Multiple resource theory and related principles hold that resources are differentiated both withi... more Multiple resource theory and related principles hold that resources are differentiated both within and between cerebral hemispheres (C. D. Wickens, 1984, 1991, 1992). An opposing view is that each hemisphere constitutes a pool of undifferentiated resources (A. Friedman, M. C. Polson, C. G. Dafoe, & S. J. Gaskill, 1982; M. C. Polson & A. Friedman, 1988). Here the authors compare the theories by using dual-task methodology, drawing on tasks emerging from factor analytic studies of lateralized processes. Selective interference occurs when 2 tasks draw on the same process in the same hemisphere but not otherwise, a conclusion further supported by analyses of difficulty trade-off. Differentiation indeed exists within and between hemispheres, but evidence is found for resources not envisaged in multiple resource theory. The results suggest that orthogonal processes represent orthogonal resources, and a full accounting of them is likely to be needed in any complete multiple resource model.
A full upper- and lowercase visual similarity matrix is presented for a standard set of computer ... more A full upper- and lowercase visual similarity matrix is presented for a standard set of computer characters, implemented on the Apple-Psych system. The 2,704 (52×52) letter pairs were rated by 12 subjects each. From the ratings, generation and veridical similarity values are derived, and they are tabled for use in research on mixed-case letter matching. In addition, the results of multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses are presented, which give complementary, simplified descriptions of the data.
Recent evidence (Boles & Eveland, 1983) suggests that mixed-case letter pairs such asAa are match... more Recent evidence (Boles & Eveland, 1983) suggests that mixed-case letter pairs such asAa are matched not through a common phonetic or name code, but rather through the detection of visual equivalence between alternate letter cases. The generation model states that equivalence is detected by internally generating the opposite cases of the letters, which are then compared to the stimulus pair trace. What is lacking in this formulation, however, is evidence that the phonetic or name code can be used for other letter-matching tasks and that it has a predominantly left-hemisphere lateralization. Here eight experiments employed rhyme- and name-matching tasks along with manipulations of phonetic and generation confusion. Meta-analysis of the reaction time and error results shows the expected interaction of task and type of confusion. In addition, a small right visual field or left hemisphere advantage was found for rhyme matches, but not for name matches. It is concluded on both confusion and lateralization grounds that rhyme- and name-matching tasks employ different processes, and that these can be described, respectively, as phonetic and visual in nature.
The fast-generation model for the matching of mixed-case letter pairs (e.g., Aa, Ab) states that ... more The fast-generation model for the matching of mixed-case letter pairs (e.g., Aa, Ab) states that one or both members of a pair activate visual representations in memory of the opposite case, supporting “same” or “different” responses through crossmatching to representations of the pair members themselves. Here the reaction time and error results of three experiments using simultaneous matches support a specific variant of the model in which generation proceeds from the uppercase letter. Furthermore, a manipulation of stimulus onset asynchrony in a fourth experiment using near-simultaneous matches indicates that fast generation produces a visual representation that occurs within 67 msec of initiation and that decays within 200 msec. A fifth experiment contrasts simultaneous and successive matches and in the case of successive matches finds evidence in support of a regeneration process acting after an initial decay. Models of mixed-case matching that are based on the phonetic representation of letter names, or on abstract-letter identities, completely fail to account for the results. Fast generation is distinguishable from slow generation in that it shows fast (vs. slow) dynamics, rapid decay (vs. maintainability), no imagery (vs. imagery), and (probably) automatic (vs. controlled) processing.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-human Perception and Performance, 1998
Multiple resource theory and related principles hold that resources are differentiated both withi... more Multiple resource theory and related principles hold that resources are differentiated both within and between cerebral hemispheres (C. D. Wickens, 1984, 1991, 1992). An opposing view is that each hemisphere constitutes a pool of undifferentiated resources (A. Friedman, M. C. Polson, C. G. Dafoe, & S. J. Gaskill, 1982; M. C. Polson & A. Friedman, 1988). Here the authors compare the theories by using dual-task methodology, drawing on tasks emerging from factor analytic studies of lateralized processes. Selective interference occurs when 2 tasks draw on the same process in the same hemisphere but not otherwise, a conclusion further supported by analyses of difficulty trade-off. Differentiation indeed exists within and between hemispheres, but evidence is found for resources not envisaged in multiple resource theory. The results suggest that orthogonal processes represent orthogonal resources, and a full accounting of them is likely to be needed in any complete multiple resource model.
A full upper- and lowercase visual similarity matrix is presented for a standard set of computer ... more A full upper- and lowercase visual similarity matrix is presented for a standard set of computer characters, implemented on the Apple-Psych system. The 2,704 (52×52) letter pairs were rated by 12 subjects each. From the ratings, generation and veridical similarity values are derived, and they are tabled for use in research on mixed-case letter matching. In addition, the results of multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses are presented, which give complementary, simplified descriptions of the data.
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Papers by David Boles