Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2017
A pot experiment was conducted to assess the potential role of biological control agents such as ... more A pot experiment was conducted to assess the potential role of biological control agents such as Trichoderma viride and Azotobacter chroococcum individually and concomitantly against the disease complex involving Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani in terms of growth and yield parameters as well as root-knot and root-rot development on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Significant reduction was observed in root-knot and root-rot development caused by M. incognita and R. solani due to the inoculation of T. viride and A. chroococcum individually and concomitantly. The growth parameters of okra like plant length, fresh as well as dry weights, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant improved significantly due to these microbial inoculants but found more pronounced in A. chroococcum inoculated plants than T. viride treated plants. Nematode population of M. incognita was also significantly reduced in most of the treatment...
Mycorrhizal fungi have been a paramount source of biological agent by which damages inflicted by ... more Mycorrhizal fungi have been a paramount source of biological agent by which damages inflicted by soil-borne pathogens/microbes can be checked. A pot study was conducted to screen and to select potential arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) var. Pusa Ruby in sandy clay loam soil of Aligarh. Six different AMF were evaluated for their efficacy in term of growth characteristics, nutrient status and mycorrhization. Interaction with AMF species resulted in higher plant growth parameters such as root and shoot biomass and nutrient contents (N, P and K). Measurements of plants, harvested at 20, 40 and 60 days of sampling stages after inoculation showed per cent increase in external and internal colonization, per cent arbuscules in roots and number of chlamydospores per kg rhizosphere soil. Tomato responded to its best to inoculation with Glomus mosseae, followed by G. constrictum, G. fasciculatum, G. aggregatum, Acaulospora scrobiculata and Gigaspora...
An experiment was conducted during 2007–09 to eplore addition of organic matters and phosphate-sa... more An experiment was conducted during 2007–09 to eplore addition of organic matters and phosphate-salubilizing bacteria (PSB) to soil as an alternative means of organic management of nematodes under field condition at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Organic matters in the form of oilseed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were found to be highly efficacious in reducing the multiplication of plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood, Rotylenchulus reniformis Limnford & Oliveira, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, etc. The plant growth parameters such as plant weight, pollen fertility (%), pods/plant, root-nodulation and chlorophyll content of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] increased significantly. The multiplication rate of phyto-nematodes and number of rootgalls caused by M. incognita greatly affected in the presence of...
Mycorrhizal fungi are a wide ranging group of heterogeneous fungal taxa found to be allied with t... more Mycorrhizal fungi are a wide ranging group of heterogeneous fungal taxa found to be allied with the roots of over 90% of all plant species. Among several types of mycorrhizal associations, two types are of high ecological and economic importance, i.e. arbuscular and ectotrophic mycorrhizal interactions. We have given a brief account on habitat, host specificity, and structural components of these mycorrhizal groups. An elaborated discussion on mineral absorption, different absorption pathways and the mechanisms involved has been presented in this chapter. Besides improving plant uptake of mineral nutrients already present in soil, many mycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in mobilizing nutrients either from organic substrate, mineral particles or rock surface. Mycorrhizal fungi take on several mechanisms to accomplish the function successfully, such as enhanced absorbing area of plant roots, release of biochemicals and consortium with other microorganisms. In addition to mobili...
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013
A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2011 at the Aligarh Muslim University Agricultural R... more A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2011 at the Aligarh Muslim University Agricultural Research Farm, India, to evaluate the efficacious nature of some oil-seed cakes such as neem cake and castor cake, a botanical Calotropis procera and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Pseudomonas fluorescens singly and in various combinations, on the growth and productivity of Trigonella plant. Growth parameters included fresh and dry weight, pollen fertility (%), pods plant -1 , root-nodule index, nitrate reductase activity, and chlorophyll content. Productivity was calculated in terms of N, P, and K in plant as well as in soil. Although all the parameters were significantly increased in these treatments, single application was comparatively less effective than the combined applications. Among oil-seed cakes, neem cake was found better in promoting plant growth than castor cake, followed by C. procera and PSB. Root-nodulation also showed a considerable increase in combined treatments...
Agriculture throughout the globe is subject to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic str... more Agriculture throughout the globe is subject to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses that crop plants have to face, plant-parasitic nematodes along with other parasitic microorganisms and insect pests are an age-old destructive force, resulting in the drastic decrease in yields. With the advancement in scientific research, chemical pesticides came into existence. This resolved the problem posed by pests to a great extent. But over the years repeated use of chemical pesticides has given rise to some ecological issues like soil health disruption, groundwater pollution, etc. which cause a greater imbalanced and unproductive agroecosystem. The hazardous effects of these chemicals are creating the hurdles in the exportation of various food commodities. Therefore, current demand is to search some new alternatives which can provide better solutions and also protect the agroecosystem from non-judicious chemical pesticides. Biological control is considered one of the good o...
Bare root-dip treatment in the leaf extract of medicinal plants like Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cal... more Bare root-dip treatment in the leaf extract of medicinal plants like Cymbopogon flexuosus and Calendula officinalis at different concentrations and durations caused significant reduction in the population of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting tomato and chilli. Leaf extract of C. flexuosus caused more inhibition in root-knot index and nematode multiplication of reniform nematodes than that of C. officinalis. Disease incidence caused by both the soil nematodes was found gradually decreased with an increase in the concentration of leaf extracts and duration of dip treatments. Enhancement in yield production and reduction in multiplication of the two nematodes seems to be due to dip treatment in both the crops.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are well known to ameliorate the plant health. A larg... more Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are well known to ameliorate the plant health. A large number of rhizobacteria possess the growth promoting activities. Some of them are very common and has been also commercialised to large/industrial scale. Plant growth regulators have been found to induce the growth and development of various crop plants. Some hormones like auxin, cytokinin, IAA, etc. are the key hormones in the plant growth promotion. However, their ratio of auxin to cytokinin may be determinant in the lateral root or root hair formation. The root surface area and root lengths are also conceived to play very important role in the accumulation of nutrient and are significantly influenced by the application of PGPR. Moreover, PGPR also have the biocontrol activities against a wide range of soil-borne plant pathogens. Some organic molecules such as siderophores, antibiotics, and bacteriocins producing PGPR arrest the pathogen populations and improve the plant health indir...
Undoubtedly, phytoparasitic nematodes cause great damage to important agricultural crops, which s... more Undoubtedly, phytoparasitic nematodes cause great damage to important agricultural crops, which signifies great monetary loss. Nematicides are used to kill the plant parasitic nematodes. These chemicals have caused greater losses to our biodiversity which are untargeted leading to a great perturbation of ecosystem ecology. The impact of these chemicals on human health cannot be ignored. PGPR uses various mechanisms to manage the plant nematodes. They are also known as plant growth enhancer, phytohormone producer, siderophore producer leading to enhanced plant health. They are also helpful in the enhancement of quantum of resistance of the plants against various pathogens including plant parasitic nematodes. Inoculation of suitable rhizobacteria not only enhances the plant growth and yield characters of plants but also restrict the multiplication of pathogens and pest populations. PGPR is one of the best alternatives which could be used against plant nematodes for bringing down their...
Phytoparasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the important limiting factors for successful c... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the important limiting factors for successful cultivation of crops. Compared to other pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes are sometimes difficult to control because they live in the soil and possess a great ability to attack almost every part of the plant. They can be effectively managed by application of chemical nematicides, but at the cost of environmental pollution, toxicity, as well as residual hazards and effect on food chain. Plant protectionists have been evaluating many nematode management strategies like soil solarization, use of fungal and bacterial biological control agents, trap as well as antagonistic crops, and GAP for management of plant parasitic nematodes in crops. Application of organic amendments therefore is a successful alternative strategy for managing plant parasitic nematodes in soil. A good number of organic amendments such as vermicompost, nematicidal plants, farm yard manure, protein-rich wastes, and anim...
Plant diseases are economically very important. The increasing realization of role of plant niche... more Plant diseases are economically very important. The increasing realization of role of plant niche environment particularly the rhizosphere has triggered the application of management strategies to manage soilborne diseases below threshold. Among these regulatory strategies, one important aspect is to break the pathogenic symbioses as disease complexes. The present chapter has been divided into two parts: the first part focuses on the important soil pathogens in the vicinity with host plants with the role of edaphic climate in their association as disease complexes, while the second one deals with the changing strategy of soil environment using eco-friendly botanicals to discourage formation of disease complexes.
Utilization of organic matter as a chief substrate for agricultural crops and beneficial microorg... more Utilization of organic matter as a chief substrate for agricultural crops and beneficial microorganisms is gaining interest of plant pathologists, agronomists, manufacturing and processing industries, regulators, growers, tycoons and consumers. These organic inputs provide energy and nutrients to soil leading to a considerable change in the environment which becomes appropriate for survival of crops and proliferation of microorganisms. More likely, this exercise is further reinforced by the consumers’ demand as they are more conscious towards their health. Moreover, use of organic matter rather than disposal is preferred because it imparts in the market value and recycles back to the land leading towards the enhanced sustainable agricultural system. Various types of organic materials are now available and growers have been familiar with these wastes. However, efficacious nature of each organic matter is different maybe partly due to their chemical constituents, types, origin and dur...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important component of a sustainable crop cultivation s... more Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important component of a sustainable crop cultivation system, which may considerably enhance the health of soil and plant. Application of mycorrhizal fungi has obviated various abiotic stresses such as water, nutrient, drought and enhanced the crop produce. The nutrient-deprived soil showed good performance in the presence of AM fungi. To check the soil erosion and land degradation, and protection of plants from various plant diseases is other services being offered effectively by the AMF. In brief, inoculation of AMF may reduce the damaging potential of various plant pathogens (fungi and nematode) and eventually improve the plant growth and yield. Application of AMF accelerates the production of plant growth-promoting molecules (plant hormones), which eventually ameliorate the plant health considerably. These root symbionts have also the ability to fulfill the demand of nutrients (especially phosphorus) to the plants and make it available t...
Management of Phytonematodes: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Phytonematodes can be considered as one of the main obstacles of quantitative and qualitative pro... more Phytonematodes can be considered as one of the main obstacles of quantitative and qualitative production of many important crops throughout the world. The strident importance of biological approaches for the management of phytonematodes might be because of friendly nature with reference to agroecosystem sustainability. Trichoderma, a mycoparasite, is an abundant bioagent that kills various plant pathogens and enhances crop productivity. Various mechanisms are implicated behind the effective management of plant disease such as induction of defense responses in plants, antibiosis, competition, direct parasitism, enzymatic hydrolysis, etc. These biocontrol agents offer synergistic effects when introduced through integrated approaches for the management of nematodal diseases. Identification of research priorities for the utilization of bio-nematicides especially Trichoderma spp. in sustainable agriculture, as well as understanding of their mechanisms of action and interaction with other agricultural inputs, is still needed. Application of Trichoderma spp. in controlling various phytopathogenic nematodes leading to improved plant health and yield is the current brainstorming session among the researchers.
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2017
A pot experiment was conducted to assess the potential role of biological control agents such as ... more A pot experiment was conducted to assess the potential role of biological control agents such as Trichoderma viride and Azotobacter chroococcum individually and concomitantly against the disease complex involving Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani in terms of growth and yield parameters as well as root-knot and root-rot development on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Significant reduction was observed in root-knot and root-rot development caused by M. incognita and R. solani due to the inoculation of T. viride and A. chroococcum individually and concomitantly. The growth parameters of okra like plant length, fresh as well as dry weights, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant improved significantly due to these microbial inoculants but found more pronounced in A. chroococcum inoculated plants than T. viride treated plants. Nematode population of M. incognita was also significantly reduced in most of the treatment...
Mycorrhizal fungi have been a paramount source of biological agent by which damages inflicted by ... more Mycorrhizal fungi have been a paramount source of biological agent by which damages inflicted by soil-borne pathogens/microbes can be checked. A pot study was conducted to screen and to select potential arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) var. Pusa Ruby in sandy clay loam soil of Aligarh. Six different AMF were evaluated for their efficacy in term of growth characteristics, nutrient status and mycorrhization. Interaction with AMF species resulted in higher plant growth parameters such as root and shoot biomass and nutrient contents (N, P and K). Measurements of plants, harvested at 20, 40 and 60 days of sampling stages after inoculation showed per cent increase in external and internal colonization, per cent arbuscules in roots and number of chlamydospores per kg rhizosphere soil. Tomato responded to its best to inoculation with Glomus mosseae, followed by G. constrictum, G. fasciculatum, G. aggregatum, Acaulospora scrobiculata and Gigaspora...
An experiment was conducted during 2007–09 to eplore addition of organic matters and phosphate-sa... more An experiment was conducted during 2007–09 to eplore addition of organic matters and phosphate-salubilizing bacteria (PSB) to soil as an alternative means of organic management of nematodes under field condition at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Organic matters in the form of oilseed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were found to be highly efficacious in reducing the multiplication of plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood, Rotylenchulus reniformis Limnford & Oliveira, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, etc. The plant growth parameters such as plant weight, pollen fertility (%), pods/plant, root-nodulation and chlorophyll content of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] increased significantly. The multiplication rate of phyto-nematodes and number of rootgalls caused by M. incognita greatly affected in the presence of...
Mycorrhizal fungi are a wide ranging group of heterogeneous fungal taxa found to be allied with t... more Mycorrhizal fungi are a wide ranging group of heterogeneous fungal taxa found to be allied with the roots of over 90% of all plant species. Among several types of mycorrhizal associations, two types are of high ecological and economic importance, i.e. arbuscular and ectotrophic mycorrhizal interactions. We have given a brief account on habitat, host specificity, and structural components of these mycorrhizal groups. An elaborated discussion on mineral absorption, different absorption pathways and the mechanisms involved has been presented in this chapter. Besides improving plant uptake of mineral nutrients already present in soil, many mycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in mobilizing nutrients either from organic substrate, mineral particles or rock surface. Mycorrhizal fungi take on several mechanisms to accomplish the function successfully, such as enhanced absorbing area of plant roots, release of biochemicals and consortium with other microorganisms. In addition to mobili...
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013
A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2011 at the Aligarh Muslim University Agricultural R... more A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2011 at the Aligarh Muslim University Agricultural Research Farm, India, to evaluate the efficacious nature of some oil-seed cakes such as neem cake and castor cake, a botanical Calotropis procera and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Pseudomonas fluorescens singly and in various combinations, on the growth and productivity of Trigonella plant. Growth parameters included fresh and dry weight, pollen fertility (%), pods plant -1 , root-nodule index, nitrate reductase activity, and chlorophyll content. Productivity was calculated in terms of N, P, and K in plant as well as in soil. Although all the parameters were significantly increased in these treatments, single application was comparatively less effective than the combined applications. Among oil-seed cakes, neem cake was found better in promoting plant growth than castor cake, followed by C. procera and PSB. Root-nodulation also showed a considerable increase in combined treatments...
Agriculture throughout the globe is subject to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic str... more Agriculture throughout the globe is subject to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses that crop plants have to face, plant-parasitic nematodes along with other parasitic microorganisms and insect pests are an age-old destructive force, resulting in the drastic decrease in yields. With the advancement in scientific research, chemical pesticides came into existence. This resolved the problem posed by pests to a great extent. But over the years repeated use of chemical pesticides has given rise to some ecological issues like soil health disruption, groundwater pollution, etc. which cause a greater imbalanced and unproductive agroecosystem. The hazardous effects of these chemicals are creating the hurdles in the exportation of various food commodities. Therefore, current demand is to search some new alternatives which can provide better solutions and also protect the agroecosystem from non-judicious chemical pesticides. Biological control is considered one of the good o...
Bare root-dip treatment in the leaf extract of medicinal plants like Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cal... more Bare root-dip treatment in the leaf extract of medicinal plants like Cymbopogon flexuosus and Calendula officinalis at different concentrations and durations caused significant reduction in the population of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting tomato and chilli. Leaf extract of C. flexuosus caused more inhibition in root-knot index and nematode multiplication of reniform nematodes than that of C. officinalis. Disease incidence caused by both the soil nematodes was found gradually decreased with an increase in the concentration of leaf extracts and duration of dip treatments. Enhancement in yield production and reduction in multiplication of the two nematodes seems to be due to dip treatment in both the crops.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are well known to ameliorate the plant health. A larg... more Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are well known to ameliorate the plant health. A large number of rhizobacteria possess the growth promoting activities. Some of them are very common and has been also commercialised to large/industrial scale. Plant growth regulators have been found to induce the growth and development of various crop plants. Some hormones like auxin, cytokinin, IAA, etc. are the key hormones in the plant growth promotion. However, their ratio of auxin to cytokinin may be determinant in the lateral root or root hair formation. The root surface area and root lengths are also conceived to play very important role in the accumulation of nutrient and are significantly influenced by the application of PGPR. Moreover, PGPR also have the biocontrol activities against a wide range of soil-borne plant pathogens. Some organic molecules such as siderophores, antibiotics, and bacteriocins producing PGPR arrest the pathogen populations and improve the plant health indir...
Undoubtedly, phytoparasitic nematodes cause great damage to important agricultural crops, which s... more Undoubtedly, phytoparasitic nematodes cause great damage to important agricultural crops, which signifies great monetary loss. Nematicides are used to kill the plant parasitic nematodes. These chemicals have caused greater losses to our biodiversity which are untargeted leading to a great perturbation of ecosystem ecology. The impact of these chemicals on human health cannot be ignored. PGPR uses various mechanisms to manage the plant nematodes. They are also known as plant growth enhancer, phytohormone producer, siderophore producer leading to enhanced plant health. They are also helpful in the enhancement of quantum of resistance of the plants against various pathogens including plant parasitic nematodes. Inoculation of suitable rhizobacteria not only enhances the plant growth and yield characters of plants but also restrict the multiplication of pathogens and pest populations. PGPR is one of the best alternatives which could be used against plant nematodes for bringing down their...
Phytoparasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the important limiting factors for successful c... more Phytoparasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the important limiting factors for successful cultivation of crops. Compared to other pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes are sometimes difficult to control because they live in the soil and possess a great ability to attack almost every part of the plant. They can be effectively managed by application of chemical nematicides, but at the cost of environmental pollution, toxicity, as well as residual hazards and effect on food chain. Plant protectionists have been evaluating many nematode management strategies like soil solarization, use of fungal and bacterial biological control agents, trap as well as antagonistic crops, and GAP for management of plant parasitic nematodes in crops. Application of organic amendments therefore is a successful alternative strategy for managing plant parasitic nematodes in soil. A good number of organic amendments such as vermicompost, nematicidal plants, farm yard manure, protein-rich wastes, and anim...
Plant diseases are economically very important. The increasing realization of role of plant niche... more Plant diseases are economically very important. The increasing realization of role of plant niche environment particularly the rhizosphere has triggered the application of management strategies to manage soilborne diseases below threshold. Among these regulatory strategies, one important aspect is to break the pathogenic symbioses as disease complexes. The present chapter has been divided into two parts: the first part focuses on the important soil pathogens in the vicinity with host plants with the role of edaphic climate in their association as disease complexes, while the second one deals with the changing strategy of soil environment using eco-friendly botanicals to discourage formation of disease complexes.
Utilization of organic matter as a chief substrate for agricultural crops and beneficial microorg... more Utilization of organic matter as a chief substrate for agricultural crops and beneficial microorganisms is gaining interest of plant pathologists, agronomists, manufacturing and processing industries, regulators, growers, tycoons and consumers. These organic inputs provide energy and nutrients to soil leading to a considerable change in the environment which becomes appropriate for survival of crops and proliferation of microorganisms. More likely, this exercise is further reinforced by the consumers’ demand as they are more conscious towards their health. Moreover, use of organic matter rather than disposal is preferred because it imparts in the market value and recycles back to the land leading towards the enhanced sustainable agricultural system. Various types of organic materials are now available and growers have been familiar with these wastes. However, efficacious nature of each organic matter is different maybe partly due to their chemical constituents, types, origin and dur...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important component of a sustainable crop cultivation s... more Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important component of a sustainable crop cultivation system, which may considerably enhance the health of soil and plant. Application of mycorrhizal fungi has obviated various abiotic stresses such as water, nutrient, drought and enhanced the crop produce. The nutrient-deprived soil showed good performance in the presence of AM fungi. To check the soil erosion and land degradation, and protection of plants from various plant diseases is other services being offered effectively by the AMF. In brief, inoculation of AMF may reduce the damaging potential of various plant pathogens (fungi and nematode) and eventually improve the plant growth and yield. Application of AMF accelerates the production of plant growth-promoting molecules (plant hormones), which eventually ameliorate the plant health considerably. These root symbionts have also the ability to fulfill the demand of nutrients (especially phosphorus) to the plants and make it available t...
Management of Phytonematodes: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Phytonematodes can be considered as one of the main obstacles of quantitative and qualitative pro... more Phytonematodes can be considered as one of the main obstacles of quantitative and qualitative production of many important crops throughout the world. The strident importance of biological approaches for the management of phytonematodes might be because of friendly nature with reference to agroecosystem sustainability. Trichoderma, a mycoparasite, is an abundant bioagent that kills various plant pathogens and enhances crop productivity. Various mechanisms are implicated behind the effective management of plant disease such as induction of defense responses in plants, antibiosis, competition, direct parasitism, enzymatic hydrolysis, etc. These biocontrol agents offer synergistic effects when introduced through integrated approaches for the management of nematodal diseases. Identification of research priorities for the utilization of bio-nematicides especially Trichoderma spp. in sustainable agriculture, as well as understanding of their mechanisms of action and interaction with other agricultural inputs, is still needed. Application of Trichoderma spp. in controlling various phytopathogenic nematodes leading to improved plant health and yield is the current brainstorming session among the researchers.
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