The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemic... more The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemicals and environmental substances are extensively expressed in mammalian tissues. Liver and pancreas are the sites where cytosolic Phase I and phase II biotransformation GSTs enzymes have characteristic expression. GSTs play a key role in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the metabolism of lipids, chemotherapeutic agents. GSTs are mainly involved in conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with diverse substrates specificity and it is possible that genetic variations in these enzymes will influence cellular response to the environmental agents. GSTs are overexpressed in response to a chemical or oxidative stress as an adaptive physiology and upregulated in cancerous state of organ or tissue. GSTs are essentially involved in susceptibility to various forms of cancer as they are vital in detoxification mechanism to metabolize the environmental carcinogens. GSTM1 encodes for a class mu GST isoenzyme involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detoxification. The substrates of GSTM1 include benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, benzo(g)chrysene and other carcinogens. They can catalyze in-vitro GSH conjugation with several potent carcinogenic epoxides including aflatoxin B1(AFB1)8,9-epoxide and electrophilic metabolites of PAHs present in tobacco smoke. Ethylene dibromide, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, p-nitrophenetyl bromide, methyl chloride, and methyl iodide, are known substrates for GSTT1 or GST Theta (θ). GST Theta is most primitive among other known GSTs and widely expressed in nature.
Genetic variations are the genetic differences found among individuals of the same species. These... more Genetic variations are the genetic differences found among individuals of the same species. These variations are adaptive i.e. they ensure flexibility and survival of a population in the changing environment over time. It is quite interesting to know how and when these genetic variations offer to a population the survival benefit under the altered situations and at what extent over time. Whether there is any significant difference among male and female in expression of such variations. Further if the population subgroups and demographical factors offer any selective advantage to these variations. Moreover we often find that one drug which is effective on an individual may not work well with other individual. This interindividual variation of drug effects is due to the genetic variation of drug metabolism. The variations of xenobiotic or drug metabolizing enzymes at genetic level bring about the evolution of diverse and specific subgroups in the population that offers a selective ability to perform the biotransformation reactions. With the advent of advance DNA sequencing technologies we are now able to find and characterize most of the natural variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variations like insertion/deletion, inversion, translocations, tandem repeat polymorphism, complex chromosomal rearrangements etc. that are linked with human evolution, migration, disease susceptibility, adaptation to divers geographical regions etc. This mini review focus on basic genetic variations and their possible associations with human health, forensics, environmental stress management, various diseases and other relevant aspects.
The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus as well as hypertension among Indian population ha... more The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus as well as hypertension among Indian population has already become a subject matter for the health planners as well as the researchers who are engaged in mitigating the same in years to come. But lots of work has to be done from the scientific point of view to correlate different biosocial parameters with diabetes as well as hypertension to understand its basic etiology of such diseases to its full extent. Anthropometric parameters are elementary factors which can have profound impact on such health outcome. In the present paper we have observed the relationship of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the anthropometric outcome among an urban population of Udaipur city, Rajasthan. Strong correlation has been found between diabetes and systolic blood pressure. Most of the diabetic subjects are found to be underweight whereas most of the hypertensive subjects are found to be obese. diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes hypertension obesity Udaipur Rajastan Please cite this article as: Purkait P., Prem C. Suthar, Sikdar M., Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and nutritional status among an urban population of Southern Rajasthan. Antrocom J. of Anthropology 11-1 (2015)
Background: CYP11B2 gene association studies have been conducted on hypertension, T2DM, and T2DNH... more Background: CYP11B2 gene association studies have been conducted on hypertension, T2DM, and T2DNH in subjects from Caucasian, Asian, and Indian populations. The -344 C/T variant is a commonly reported polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism and Sex in type 2 diabetic patients in the Indian population. Methods: The CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Results: The CYP11B2 gene CC, CT, and TT genotypes accounted for 14.55%, 50.00%, and 35.45% of the male T2DM subjects, 20.55%, 34.25%, and 45.21% of the male controls, 11.46%, 54.17%, and 34.38% of the female T2DM subjectsand 11.11%, 44.44%, and 44.44% of the female controls. The CT heterozygote was more frequent among the T2DM subjects than among the controls. The C allele was most frequent among the male T2DM subjects (39.55%), followed by the female T2DM subjects (38.54%), the male controls (37.67%), and the female controls (33.33%). The T allele was most frequent among the male controls (62.33%), followed by the female controls (66.67%), the male T2DM subjects (60.45%), and the female T2DM subjects (61.46%). Overall, the distribution of CYP11B2 genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly. Conclusion: We did not find any significant association of the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism with sex in the studied cohort. Keywords: CYP11B2; Sex; T2DM; RFLP; Sequencing; Indian Population.
Aim: Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the top... more Aim: Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the top most country with the highest number of individuals affected with type 2diabetes and an extremely limited data on the genetics of diabetes in the Indian populations is available. In this context the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of RAAS pathway genes polymorphism and its relationship with Type 2 Diabetes patients in Mewari population. Methods: The present study examined the prevalence of RAAS gene polymorphism among 111 Mewari individuals from Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Among them 50 individuals belong to type 2 diabetic (T2DM) and 61 healthy controls. Isolated DNA samples from the studied subjects were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. Result: There was a significant difference in age, gender, SBP, BMI, glucose, GGT, urea, creatinine, LDL and total protein between T2DM and Control subjects (p <0.05). The minor allele frequency of RAAS pathway gene polymorphism AGT (rs4762), REN (rs41317140), ACE (rs4646994), AGTR1 (rs5186), CYP11B2 (rs1799998) in T2DM patients (T2DM) are found to be 0.18, 0.20, 0.41, 0.05 and 0.30 respectively. The allele frequencies of the same polymorphisms among the normal controls are found to be 0.13, 0.16, 0.48, 0.10 and 0.40 respectively. The general associations were not found in significant result (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The study found that no association of RAAS gene polymorphisms with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among the Mewari population except rs4762. The AGT (rs4762) was associated at recessive model (p = 0.038).
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemic... more The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemicals and environmental substances are extensively expressed in mammalian tissues. Liver and pancreas are the sites where cytosolic Phase I and phase II biotransformation GSTs enzymes have characteristic expression. GSTs play a key role in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the metabolism of lipids, chemotherapeutic agents. GSTs are mainly involved in conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with diverse substrates specificity and it is possible that genetic variations in these enzymes will influence cellular response to the environmental agents. GSTs are overexpressed in response to a chemical or oxidative stress as an adaptive physiology and upregulated in cancerous state of organ or tissue. GSTs are essentially involved in susceptibility to various forms of cancer as they are vital in detoxification mechanism to metabolize the environmental carcinogens. GSTM1 encodes for a class mu GST isoenzyme involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detoxification. The substrates of GSTM1 include benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, benzo(g)chrysene and other carcinogens. They can catalyze in-vitro GSH conjugation with several potent carcinogenic epoxides including aflatoxin B1(AFB1)8,9-epoxide and electrophilic metabolites of PAHs present in tobacco smoke. Ethylene dibromide, p-nitrobenzyl chloride, p-nitrophenetyl bromide, methyl chloride, and methyl iodide, are known substrates for GSTT1 or GST Theta (θ). GST Theta is most primitive among other known GSTs and widely expressed in nature.
Genetic variations are the genetic differences found among individuals of the same species. These... more Genetic variations are the genetic differences found among individuals of the same species. These variations are adaptive i.e. they ensure flexibility and survival of a population in the changing environment over time. It is quite interesting to know how and when these genetic variations offer to a population the survival benefit under the altered situations and at what extent over time. Whether there is any significant difference among male and female in expression of such variations. Further if the population subgroups and demographical factors offer any selective advantage to these variations. Moreover we often find that one drug which is effective on an individual may not work well with other individual. This interindividual variation of drug effects is due to the genetic variation of drug metabolism. The variations of xenobiotic or drug metabolizing enzymes at genetic level bring about the evolution of diverse and specific subgroups in the population that offers a selective ability to perform the biotransformation reactions. With the advent of advance DNA sequencing technologies we are now able to find and characterize most of the natural variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variations like insertion/deletion, inversion, translocations, tandem repeat polymorphism, complex chromosomal rearrangements etc. that are linked with human evolution, migration, disease susceptibility, adaptation to divers geographical regions etc. This mini review focus on basic genetic variations and their possible associations with human health, forensics, environmental stress management, various diseases and other relevant aspects.
The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus as well as hypertension among Indian population ha... more The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus as well as hypertension among Indian population has already become a subject matter for the health planners as well as the researchers who are engaged in mitigating the same in years to come. But lots of work has to be done from the scientific point of view to correlate different biosocial parameters with diabetes as well as hypertension to understand its basic etiology of such diseases to its full extent. Anthropometric parameters are elementary factors which can have profound impact on such health outcome. In the present paper we have observed the relationship of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the anthropometric outcome among an urban population of Udaipur city, Rajasthan. Strong correlation has been found between diabetes and systolic blood pressure. Most of the diabetic subjects are found to be underweight whereas most of the hypertensive subjects are found to be obese. diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes hypertension obesity Udaipur Rajastan Please cite this article as: Purkait P., Prem C. Suthar, Sikdar M., Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and nutritional status among an urban population of Southern Rajasthan. Antrocom J. of Anthropology 11-1 (2015)
Background: CYP11B2 gene association studies have been conducted on hypertension, T2DM, and T2DNH... more Background: CYP11B2 gene association studies have been conducted on hypertension, T2DM, and T2DNH in subjects from Caucasian, Asian, and Indian populations. The -344 C/T variant is a commonly reported polymorphism of the CYP11B2 gene. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism and Sex in type 2 diabetic patients in the Indian population. Methods: The CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Results: The CYP11B2 gene CC, CT, and TT genotypes accounted for 14.55%, 50.00%, and 35.45% of the male T2DM subjects, 20.55%, 34.25%, and 45.21% of the male controls, 11.46%, 54.17%, and 34.38% of the female T2DM subjectsand 11.11%, 44.44%, and 44.44% of the female controls. The CT heterozygote was more frequent among the T2DM subjects than among the controls. The C allele was most frequent among the male T2DM subjects (39.55%), followed by the female T2DM subjects (38.54%), the male controls (37.67%), and the female controls (33.33%). The T allele was most frequent among the male controls (62.33%), followed by the female controls (66.67%), the male T2DM subjects (60.45%), and the female T2DM subjects (61.46%). Overall, the distribution of CYP11B2 genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly. Conclusion: We did not find any significant association of the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism with sex in the studied cohort. Keywords: CYP11B2; Sex; T2DM; RFLP; Sequencing; Indian Population.
Aim: Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the top... more Aim: Diabetes is the one of the most serious health problems of modern times and India is the top most country with the highest number of individuals affected with type 2diabetes and an extremely limited data on the genetics of diabetes in the Indian populations is available. In this context the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of RAAS pathway genes polymorphism and its relationship with Type 2 Diabetes patients in Mewari population. Methods: The present study examined the prevalence of RAAS gene polymorphism among 111 Mewari individuals from Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Among them 50 individuals belong to type 2 diabetic (T2DM) and 61 healthy controls. Isolated DNA samples from the studied subjects were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. Result: There was a significant difference in age, gender, SBP, BMI, glucose, GGT, urea, creatinine, LDL and total protein between T2DM and Control subjects (p <0.05). The minor allele frequency of RAAS pathway gene polymorphism AGT (rs4762), REN (rs41317140), ACE (rs4646994), AGTR1 (rs5186), CYP11B2 (rs1799998) in T2DM patients (T2DM) are found to be 0.18, 0.20, 0.41, 0.05 and 0.30 respectively. The allele frequencies of the same polymorphisms among the normal controls are found to be 0.13, 0.16, 0.48, 0.10 and 0.40 respectively. The general associations were not found in significant result (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The study found that no association of RAAS gene polymorphisms with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among the Mewari population except rs4762. The AGT (rs4762) was associated at recessive model (p = 0.038).
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and Sex in type 2 diabetic patients in the Indian population.
Methods: The CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing.
Results: The CYP11B2 gene CC, CT, and TT genotypes accounted for 14.55%, 50.00%, and 35.45% of the male T2DM subjects, 20.55%, 34.25%, and 45.21% of the male controls, 11.46%, 54.17%, and 34.38% of the female T2DM subjectsand 11.11%, 44.44%, and 44.44% of the female controls. The CT heterozygote was more frequent among the T2DM
subjects than among the controls. The C allele was most frequent among the male T2DM subjects (39.55%), followed by
the female T2DM subjects (38.54%), the male controls (37.67%), and the female controls (33.33%). The T allele was most frequent among the male controls (62.33%), followed by the female controls (66.67%), the male T2DM subjects (60.45%), and the female T2DM subjects (61.46%). Overall, the distribution of CYP11B2 genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly.
Conclusion: We did not find any significant association of the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism with sex in the studied cohort.
Keywords: CYP11B2; Sex; T2DM; RFLP; Sequencing; Indian Population.
and Sex in type 2 diabetic patients in the Indian population.
Methods: The CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP and sequencing.
Results: The CYP11B2 gene CC, CT, and TT genotypes accounted for 14.55%, 50.00%, and 35.45% of the male T2DM subjects, 20.55%, 34.25%, and 45.21% of the male controls, 11.46%, 54.17%, and 34.38% of the female T2DM subjectsand 11.11%, 44.44%, and 44.44% of the female controls. The CT heterozygote was more frequent among the T2DM
subjects than among the controls. The C allele was most frequent among the male T2DM subjects (39.55%), followed by
the female T2DM subjects (38.54%), the male controls (37.67%), and the female controls (33.33%). The T allele was most frequent among the male controls (62.33%), followed by the female controls (66.67%), the male T2DM subjects (60.45%), and the female T2DM subjects (61.46%). Overall, the distribution of CYP11B2 genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly.
Conclusion: We did not find any significant association of the CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism with sex in the studied cohort.
Keywords: CYP11B2; Sex; T2DM; RFLP; Sequencing; Indian Population.