Papers by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
A study that qualified me to study everything related to projects for the reclamation and cultiva... more A study that qualified me to study everything related to projects for the reclamation and cultivation of lands and desert areas in terms of water, plants and soil, by studying everything related to lands and classifying them physically, chemically and biologically, improving and developing them for plant and animal production and all that relates to them in economics and Management of farms and projects of small industries and preparation of crops from grains, legumes, fodder, medicinal and aromatic plants, ornaments, etc. And evaluation of these projects, on the other hand, the use of modern technology and its application.
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Aim: The purpose of this study is to characterize biologically and serologically AMV infecting po... more Aim: The purpose of this study is to characterize biologically and serologically AMV infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Egypt. Moreover, the study described the histological and cytological effects of AMV infection in potato leaf cells. Background: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is only virus in the genus Alfamovirus and has very wide host range among weed and crop plants which produces a variety of symptoms. It can cause problems in potato in some regions where vectors easily move into potato fields from reservoir host, particularly if a tuber necrosis-causing strain is involved. Methods: Leaf samples were collected on the basis of visual symptoms from potato plants with yellow blotching symptoms, called Calico and leaf distortion. A sap-transmitted virus isolated from potato was biologically purified after three successive single local lesion passages onto Chenopodium ammaranticolor which reproduced prominent local lesions. The virus isolate was then propagated in potato Dit...
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Elimination of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. Ditta v... more Elimination of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. Ditta via embryonic calli was evaluated. AMV was isolated from potato plants and characterized. Virus-infected plants, grown under greenhouse conditions, were used as a source for virus elimination. Leaves excised from green parts of infected potato produce pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) were controlled by MS basal medium supplemented with specific growth regulators 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at concentration of 1,2,3,4,5 mgl-1 and combination of 5mgl-1 2,4-D + 0.5 of Kin, benzylaminopurine (BAP), TDZ and Zeiten mgl-1. After incubation period of 30 35 days, 100 % of creamy-green granular callus with 81.17% pro-embryonic mass were obtaind with 5 mgl-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg-l Kinetin (Kin). Vice versa, the combination of 5 mgl-1 2,4-D +0.5 mgl-1Thidiazuron (TDZ) had the lowest effect (11.11 %) of brown rigid callus formed. Pro-embryo development stages were subjected to histological study v...
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الفيروس هو بروتين نووى صغير جداً لا يرى بالميكرسكوب الضوئى و له من الخصائص الكيميائية و الفيزيائي... more الفيروس هو بروتين نووى صغير جداً لا يرى بالميكرسكوب الضوئى و له من الخصائص الكيميائية و الفيزيائية المختلفة عن باقى الكائنات الممرضة يؤدى لخسائر فادحة فى المحصول و إنتاجيته. تقسم الفيروسات إلى مجاميع كل مجموعة لها خصائصها المشتركة. فيروس تبرقش البرسيم Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) من مجموعة Alfamovirus و التى تنتمى للعائلة Bromoviridae يعتبر أحد الفيرووسات المنتشرة عالميا و له مدى عوائلى واسع من الحشائش و الأشجار الخشبية للمحاصيل الحقلية حوالى تقريبا 600 نوع تنتمى لحوالى 70 عائلة
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تنمية الموارد المائية و ترشيدها يواجهها تحديات إقتصادية و إجتماعية وسياسية من حيث الأمان و الإستم... more تنمية الموارد المائية و ترشيدها يواجهها تحديات إقتصادية و إجتماعية وسياسية من حيث الأمان و الإستمرارية و بالرغم من وجود خلل فى الميزان المائى بين الموارد و الإحتياجات، إلا أن هناك إسراف و سوء إستخدام للمياه مما أدى إلى إستنزاف و تلويث بعض الموارد المائية، بالإضافة إلى الصراعات المعاصرة بين الدول المتحكمة فى دول منبع النيل و دول المصب و ما وراء هذه الصراعات من ضغوط سياسية، فالمشكلة ليست فى وفرة أو ندرة الموارد المائية و لكن بقدرتنا على الإدارة السليمة الرشيدة و الإستثمار الجيد لها و تنميتها بأساليب واعية و رشيدة مع المحافظة على البيئة المحيطة من خلال الإستراتيجيات قصيرة وو بعيدة المدى تبعاً لكل فترة زمية و ما بها من إحداث و أهداف وطنية لكل دولة.
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من أساسيات مكافحة الأفات .. المكافحة الزراعية، المكافحة الحيوية، المكافحة الكيميائية مع دراسة الع... more من أساسيات مكافحة الأفات .. المكافحة الزراعية، المكافحة الحيوية، المكافحة الكيميائية مع دراسة العناصر التى تتداخل مع السلوك و التطور و عمل المكافحة المتكاملة بينهم أى التنسيق المتكامل بين الطرق المختلفة بحيث يكمل إحداها الأخر مما يقلل التأثير الضار على البيئة و مع إجراء هذه الطرق و عمل التكاملو التنسيق بينهم لابد من التعاون و العمل مع الفلاحين و بينهم و بالتالى تصبح المكافحة متكاملة و مستنيرة و ذلك للسيطرة على الأفات بأكثر كفاءة.
تعتبر الوقاية خير من العلاج فى كل الامراض، و يقصد بوقاية النباتات تزويدها بالوسائل التى تجعلها أكثر قدرة على مقاومة الأفة عند محاولتها إصابته و التطفل علية، و من الطرق الوقائية إستخدام الميكروبات المضادة للميكروبات الممرضة كمكافحة بيولوجية و مقاومة حيوية ذو أهمية و قدرة عالية إذا أستخدمت بطريقة علمية و سليمة و التى تعتبر من التكتيكات الإستراتيجية لمكافحة الأفة.
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.Axillary buds of Three cultivars of Morus alba Spp., Kokoso (KO), Iljiros (IL) and Moritiana (MO... more .Axillary buds of Three cultivars of Morus alba Spp., Kokoso (KO), Iljiros (IL) and Moritiana (MO) were tested for their tolerance to salt and drought stress in vitro. Survival % for MO cv. reached 60 % under 7.5 gl-1 NaCl and 4 weeks exposure, while it was 13.3 % after 6 weeks. The highest original shoot length under1.5 gl-1 salt and 4 weeks exposure was for MO cv.. KO continued to tolerate up till 7.5 gl-1 NaCl after 6 weeks exposure by continuous leaves production. The highest significant number of injured leaves was recorded for IL at 1.5 gl-1 salt after the 6 weeks exposure. The higher bud burst 100 % has significantly took place at zero and 1.5 gl-1 salt level for MO cv. and decreased afterwards till it reached 20 % at 7.5 gl-1 NaCl level. The highest average number of proliferated shoot length was (2.5 shoot/explant) for MO cv. at 1.5 gl-1 NaCl followed by KO cv. (2.25 shoot/explant) at 2.5 gl-1 NaCl and the lowest value was recorded at 1.5 gl-1 NaCl (0.25 shoot/explant) for ILcv.. While, the highest proliferated shoot length was recorded for KO cv. (8.25, 7.63 mm) at salinity level of 1.5 and 2.5 gl-1 NaCl level, respectively. Proline accumulated significantly and rapidly for IL under salt levels from 1.5-7.5 gl-1 reached the highest content at 7.5 gl-1. Regarding PEG effect, at 40 gl-1 and after 4 weeks exposure, MO recorded significant highest survival (36.6 %) compared to the other cvs. and other exposure times. It observed that, KO cv. was able to grow for 4 and 6 weeks exposure even under 60 gl-1 PEG. Beyond 40 gl-1 PEG the number of leaves decreased significantly for MO and IL after 4 and 6 weeks where none of them survived. While KO cv still produce leaves in a lower insignificant rate. The KO cv. at 0.0 gl-1 PEG suffered from necrosis after 6 weeks culture and the number of injured leaves was (0.73) which insignificantly differed from MO cv. (0.85) but at high PEG (40 gl-1). Also, The MO cv. achieved high significant bud burst at 10 gl-1 PEG and decreased significantly at 40 gl-1 then stopped completely beyond. The lowest number of proliferated shoots was recorded for KO and MO (0.25) at 20 and 40 gl-1 PEG, respectively. The three cultivars showed insignificantly differences in proliferated shoot length. Under 20 gl-1 PEG, proline content for three cvs. was significantly higher than the control and 10 gl-1 PEG. Also, KO and MO were insignificantly higher than IL.
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Aim: The purpose of this study is to characterize biologically and serologically AMV infecting po... more Aim: The purpose of this study is to characterize biologically and serologically AMV infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Egypt. Moreover, the study described the histological and cytological effects of AMV infection in potato leaf cells.
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Elimination of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. Ditta v... more Elimination of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. Ditta via embryonic calli was evaluated. AMV was isolated from potato plants and characterized. Virus-infected plants, grown under greenhouse conditions, were used as a source for virus elimination. Leaves excised from green parts of infected potato produce pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) were controlled by MS basal medium supplemented with specific growth regulators 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at concentration of 1,2,3,4,5 mgl-1 and combination of 5mgl-1 2,4-D + 0.5 of Kin, benzylaminopurine (BAP), TDZ and Zeiten mgl-1. After incubation period of 30 – 35 days, 100 % of creamy-green granular callus with 81.17% pro-embryonic mass were obtaind with 5 mgl-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg-l Kinetin (Kin). Vice versa, the combination of 5 mgl-1 2,4-D +0.5 mgl-1 Thidiazuron (TDZ) had the lowest effect (11.11 %) of brown rigid callus formed. Pro-embryo development stages were subjected to histological study via light microscopy and serological tests by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Outcome of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of embryonic calli at various stages of the pro-embryo development could be used as a procedure for eliminate of AMV from infected leaves as a source material.
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Thesis
ABSTRACT
This study comprised two parts. In the first part, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was isolat... more ABSTRACT
This study comprised two parts. In the first part, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was isolated from naturally infected potato plants grown in Bader Center, Behera Governorate, Egypt. The isolated virus was biologically purified by single local lesions developed on Ch. amaranticolor leaves and propagated in potato cv. Daimond. The isolated virus was identified and its identity was confirmed serologically and molecularly. The virus was identified as such on the bases of host range and symptomatology, modes of transmission, serological reaction, molecular biology and ultrastructure changes in infected potato leaf cells. In the second part, three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ditta, Santana and Daimond cvs. were used to compare their responses to callus induction and embryonic callus criteria. The data of induction stage revealed that the Ditta cv. achieved superior embryonic callus induction 79.52% and it was investigated to somatic embryogensis. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker were applied by seven ISSR primers successfully and showed 48 polymorphic bands out of a total of 127 bands with 81.1% polymorphism which can be considered as useful markers for study the effect of the treatments used. Histological and morphological means via handling section, de-waxing and staining examined by light microscope to discriminate the progression of specific stages and general definition of SE, evaluated potato AMV-free production from infected potato cv. Ditta via two techniques: chemotherapy using saliycilic, thioracile, 8-azaguanin, cuomarin and kinetin; also embryonic calli as somatic embryogenesis pathway. Serological tests by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques. Next step, standardized a suitable technique for nutrient encaplsulation of potato nodal segments (unipolar synthetic seeds) and somatic embryo (bipolar synthetic seeds) as synthetic seeds by using different concentrations of sodium alginate at 2%, 3% and 4% and all of them were complexed by Ca-salts either Ca (Na3)2 or Na Cl2 in the presence of distilled water, 1/4 or 1/2 MS medium, sorbitol or ABA as artificial endosperm to evaluate of it conversion and vitality after storage under conditions: temperature (21±1 Cº and 4Cº) and containers (empty and with 1/2 MS solid medium in 10ml). Algaination degree and cracking degree of capsule and survival percentage were numder-taken. After storage under different temperature and time, the following data were recorded, extended of regeneration and variability of nodes and SE were examined. The presence of capsules in the lab was influenced by the presence of capsule contents. The absence of salts of Murashige and Skoog in the capsule was better. The use of these capsules decreased the conversion rate. When sorbitol was added, it retained its ability to shift and also increased its duration storage. While, absisic doses not gave any conversion rate. All of this is done when incubating at a temperature of 4 ° C. The synthetic seeds were cultivated in a conversion medium. Cultivation of all survival converted synthetic seeds and adapted resulted in successive survival and vigor plantlets (70%).
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Thesis Chapters by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
Thesis Ph.D.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world’s most important vegetable crop. It constitutes one of... more Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world’s most important vegetable crop. It constitutes one of the most economically important annual vegetable crop of Solanaceae family. Virus disease are numerous and almost contribute to considerable losses of potato yield as well as their quality. Embryonic callus and/or somatic embryogenesis has practical applications, including crop improvement (cell selection, genetic transformation, somatic hybrid and polyploid plant production), germplasm preservation, virus elimination, in vitro metabolite production, and in vitro mycorrhizal initiation
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ABSTRACT
Maha EL-Abhar, Using modern techniques in propagation and adaptation of some mulberry (... more ABSTRACT
Maha EL-Abhar, Using modern techniques in propagation and adaptation of some mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars under Egypt environment. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Science, Institute of Environmental Studies &Research, Ain. Shams University, 2008.
The present study was carried out on mulberry (Morus alba L.) Moritiana (MO), Kokoso (KO) and Iljiros (IL) cultivars to investigate propagation protocol, producing of morphologically free plants from any abnormal symptoms and evaluation of salinity and drought stress tolerance through various stages of in vitro techniques. The data of establishment stage revealed that the survival percentage was 100 % for the two cultivars. Moritiana (MO) cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) but lower leaf and bud number/explants, callus formation percentage and weight than Kokoso (KO) cv. in MS medium. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1BA gave the highest shoot number, while; plus 1.0 mgl-1BA+0.5mgl-1NAA gave the highest shoot length (mm). Moreover, at 2.0 mgl-1BA + 0.5mgl-1NAA it achieved highest leaf number (3.99), callus formation (100 %) and weight (0.81). The lowest bud number/explants was produced when 0.5mgl-1 BA was added to MS medium. Concerning effect of the two media, WPM medium was preferable for shoot length, leaf number and callus weight; meanwhile, MS was the best for shoot number, bud number/explants and callus %. In multiplication stage, by the second subculture, the growth measurements were decrease in either cultivars or media. In respect to effect of MS supplemented with growth regulators, MO cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) and lower leaf and bud number/explants than KO cv. in the 1st and 2nd subcultures. Regarding the comparison between the two testedmedia, MS medium through two subcultures was more suitable than WPM medium for the increase of shoot number and length (mm), leaf number and bud
number/explants although WPM was preferable for shoot length and leaf number in establishment stage. Comparison between the effects of the two tested media cleared that the cultures of KO cv. in WPM medium were deteriorated during the 2nd subculture. All plantlets in multiplication stage were derived to rooting medium supplemented with 0.5mgl-1IBA+ 0.5mgl-1NAA. The highest survival %, rooting %, root number and length were achieved for MO cv. than KO cv. in MS medium. Plantlets of KO cv. which derived from MS+1.0mgl-1 BA+0.5mgl-1 NAA to rooting medium didn’t record any rooting. Meristm tip culture, 0.5 mgl-1BA was superior in survival % and development for KO than MO cvs.. Multiplecation stage carried out with two subcultures on the same BA concentration (0.5mgl-1), shoot number and length and leaf number such as criteria for this stage were recorded after 30 days for each passage time. After second subculture in MS medium with 0.5mgl-1 BA the developed shoot transferred to elongation medium MS+0.5 BA+2 GA3 mgl-1. Survival percentage, original and proliferated shoot length, number of healthy and injured leaves and bud burst percentages were use as criteria for the tolerance of some mulberry cultivars to salinity and drought in vitro. Ranking the decrease of these criteria was associated with ranking the increase of NaCl or PEG levels. Survival % for MO cv. reached to 13.3 % under 7.5 gl-1 NaCl for 6 weeks exposure compared to (80 %) for control. KO cv. continued to tolerate up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl after 6 weeks exposure by continuous leaf production and it was able to grow for 4 and 6 weeks exposure even under 60gl-1 PEG than other cultivars. At zero PEG and 4 weeks exposure, the highest survival % for IL (80%) compared to either KO or MO cvs. (100%) under the same conditions. The three cultivars showed insignificant differences in proliferated shoot length in NaCl. The lowest number of proliferated shoots recorded (0.25) for KO and IL at 20 gl-1, while for MO cv. at 40 gl-1 PEG. The increase in NaCl and PEG level led to an increase in proline content in all cvs.. Mean of proline
accumulation with the increase in salinity up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl (0.42 mg/1.0g FW) and reduced by 10gl-1 NaCl (0.08 mg/1.0g FW) because the majority of plants were died. Proline accumulated rapidly and higher for IL cv. as it reached to the highest content at 7.5gl-1 NaCl with significant differences than the other cvs. at the same salt level. Under 20 gl-1 PEG, proline content for the three cvs., was significantly higher than the it for the control and 10 gl-1 PEG. Furthermore, KO and MO cvs. were insignificantly higher than IL cv.. The in vitro screening procedure can be used for ranking the mulberry cultivars for either salinity or drought tolerance
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Book Reviews by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
إﻧ و اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮل ﻓﻰ ﺘ ﺎﺟﯿﺘﮫ. اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔ... more إﻧ و اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮل ﻓﻰ ﺘ ﺎﺟﯿﺘﮫ. اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ Tobamovirus اﻟﻔﯿﺮو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻰ و ﻓﯿﺮوس ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺳﺎت ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮ و اﻟﺨﻄﻮرة ﻓﯿﺮوس اﻟﻄﻤﺎطﻢ ﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻗﺶ Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) ToBRFV (، ﯾﺼﯿﺐ ﻻ ﻟﻜﻦ و اﻟﺪﺧﺎﻧﺎت و اﻟﺒﺎذﻧﺠﺎن و اﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ و اﻟﻄﻤﺎطﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﺋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻟﮫ اﻟﺒﻄﺎطﺲ و ، أﻋﺮاض ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﮫ ToBRFV ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن ﻣﻮزاﯾﻚ ﻓﯿﺮوس Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) و اﻟﻄﻤﺎطﻢ ﻣﻮزاﯾﻚ ﻓﯿﺮوس Tobacco mosaic virus ToMV) (، اﻷﻋﺮاض ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻨﻮع و اﻟ ﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ، اﻟﺤﺮارة ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺮوس ﺳﻼﻟﺔ و ﻧﻮع و. ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة اﻷﻋﺮاض ﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎك ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﮫ ﺿﯿﻖ و ﺗﺠﻌﺪ و اﻷوراق ، أﻋﺮاض و ﺑﻨﻲ ﺗﯿﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎره اﻟﻜﺄس و اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺜﻤﺮة ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻐﺮ و اﻷﻋﻨﺎق و اﻟﺒﺘﻼت و إ ﺻﻔﺮار ﺛﻢ اﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺘﻠﻮن ﺑ ظﮭﻮر ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﯿﻘﺔ ﻘﻊ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺮة ﻛﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ان ﯾﻤﻜﻦ و أﻋﺮاض، ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﻜﻦ و اﻟﻤﺮض ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﻟﯿﺲ اﻷﺻﻨﺎف ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﺮاض ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ، ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮت أن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺷﺪﯾﺪة اﻷﻧﻮاع أن اﻷﻋﺮاض ظﮭﻮر ﺑﻌﺪ أﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ .
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الأ÷رتام الزراعى, 2020
الفيروس هو بروتين نووى صغير جداً لا يرى بالميكرسكوب الضوئى و له من الخصائص الكيميائية و الفيزيائي... more الفيروس هو بروتين نووى صغير جداً لا يرى بالميكرسكوب الضوئى و له من الخصائص الكيميائية و الفيزيائية المختلفة عن باقى الكائنات الممرضة يؤدى لخسائر فادحة فى المحصول و إنتاجيته. تقسم الفيروسات إلى مجاميع كل مجموعة لها خصائصها المشتركة. فيروس تبرقش البرسيم Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) من مجموعة Alfamovirus و التى تنتمى للعائلة Bromoviridae يعتبر أحد الفيرووسات المنتشرة عالميا و له مدى عوائلى واسع من الحشائش و الأشجار الخشبية للمحاصيل الحقلية حوالى تقريبا 600 نوع تنتمى لحوالى 70 عائلة
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الأهرام الزراعى, 2020
يشهد العالم الآن حراكاً كبيراً في التوجهات الاستراتيجية الحديثة، والآليات المصاحبة لها لتحقيق الت... more يشهد العالم الآن حراكاً كبيراً في التوجهات الاستراتيجية الحديثة، والآليات المصاحبة لها لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة 2030 بالتميُز الاستراتيجي فى النظم و ذلك بالمعرفة و التطبيق و تأهيل الكوادر البشرية و المساهمة فى إستثمار المال البشرى و إستخدام التكنولوجيا الجديدة النظيفة الأكفأ و الأقدر على إنقاذ الموارد الطبيعية و الحد من التلوث و المساعدة على إستقرار المناخ و إستيعاب النمو فى عدد السكان و فى النشاط الإقتصادى.
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
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البذور الصناعية Artificial seeds مسمى منه يستنتج بأنها، مكون صناعى يشبه البذور الطبيعية من حيث وج... more البذور الصناعية Artificial seeds مسمى منه يستنتج بأنها، مكون صناعى يشبه البذور الطبيعية من حيث وجود الجنين الأساسى و ما يحيط به من بيئة مناسبة أى الإندوسبرم وهو مواد غذائية مخزنة من كربوهيدرات وبروتينات ودهون يحتاج إليها الجنين في مرحلة إنباته الأولى و هو يختلف بإختلاف النباتات، كما يحاط الجنين والغذاء المخزن بغطاء يسمى غلاف البذرة للحماية. وعند الإنبات ينمو الجنين إلى المجموع الجذري و المجموع الخضري.و هناك صعوبة فى إستخدام بعض النباتات و المحاصيل لا تستخدم فيها البذور الطبيعية فهناك مشاكل إقتصادية و مناخية فى الزراعة مثل زراعة البطاطس و بعض نباتات الهجين مثل الأرز و بعض البذور الغالية الثمن وبالتالي تجهيز البذور الصناعية يتضمن الجنين و المحيط الغذائى و ما به من إضافات لتحسين إنبات و نمو النبات فى الحقل مع توفير حالة سكون للجنين حتى وقت الزراعة و مع المحافظة على البذور من الجفاف خلال التخزين و التعبئة و النقل و الزراعة.
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Teaching Documents by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
الأهرام الزراعى, 2020
يشهد العالم الآن حراكاً كبيراً في التوجهات الاستراتيجية الحديثة، والآليات المصاحبة لها لتحقيق الت... more يشهد العالم الآن حراكاً كبيراً في التوجهات الاستراتيجية الحديثة، والآليات المصاحبة لها لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة 2030 بالتميُز الاستراتيجي فى النظم و ذلك بالمعرفة و التطبيق و تأهيل الكوادر البشرية و المساهمة فى إستثمار المال البشرى و إستخدام التكنولوجيا الجديدة النظيفة الأكفأ و الأقدر على إنقاذ الموارد الطبيعية و الحد من التلوث و المساعدة على إستقرار المناخ و إستيعاب النمو فى عدد السكان و فى النشاط الإقتصادى.
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
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امراض ناتجة عن مسببات غير حية abiotic الأمراض الغير حية أو الغير معدية أو الغير طفيلية
و منها:... more امراض ناتجة عن مسببات غير حية abiotic الأمراض الغير حية أو الغير معدية أو الغير طفيلية
و منها: عوامل بيئية و عوامل طبوغرافية و اضطرابات تغذية و امراض الحصاد و التلوث
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تعد زراعة الأنسجة أو الخلايا أو الأعضاء النباتية علم به تقنيات حديثة و أساليب تجارى متطلبات الزر... more تعد زراعة الأنسجة أو الخلايا أو الأعضاء النباتية علم به تقنيات حديثة و أساليب تجارى متطلبات الزراعة الحديثة و التى تتطور بإستمرار لتصبح أكثر ملائمة لطبيعة الإنتاج الكبير المتميز و لتحقيق أكبر عائد ممكن من الوحدة الإنتاجية وتتميز طرق الإكثار فيها بأن نباتاتها بقوتها و مطابقتها للصنف و خلوها من الأمراض و خاصة الفيروسية دون التقيد بالمواسم المناخية، كما أمكن باستخدام هذا العلم الحصول على المواد الطبية و العطرية الفعالة داخل المعامل دون تكلفة الزراعة فى الأرض و الحصاد. كما مكن من إنتخاب و إنتاج سلالات نباتية تتحمل الجفاف و البرودة و الأملاح و الأمراض و سمية المبيدات و العناصر الثقيلة و الحفاظ عليها لفترات مختلفة.
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Drafts by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
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Papers by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
تعتبر الوقاية خير من العلاج فى كل الامراض، و يقصد بوقاية النباتات تزويدها بالوسائل التى تجعلها أكثر قدرة على مقاومة الأفة عند محاولتها إصابته و التطفل علية، و من الطرق الوقائية إستخدام الميكروبات المضادة للميكروبات الممرضة كمكافحة بيولوجية و مقاومة حيوية ذو أهمية و قدرة عالية إذا أستخدمت بطريقة علمية و سليمة و التى تعتبر من التكتيكات الإستراتيجية لمكافحة الأفة.
This study comprised two parts. In the first part, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was isolated from naturally infected potato plants grown in Bader Center, Behera Governorate, Egypt. The isolated virus was biologically purified by single local lesions developed on Ch. amaranticolor leaves and propagated in potato cv. Daimond. The isolated virus was identified and its identity was confirmed serologically and molecularly. The virus was identified as such on the bases of host range and symptomatology, modes of transmission, serological reaction, molecular biology and ultrastructure changes in infected potato leaf cells. In the second part, three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ditta, Santana and Daimond cvs. were used to compare their responses to callus induction and embryonic callus criteria. The data of induction stage revealed that the Ditta cv. achieved superior embryonic callus induction 79.52% and it was investigated to somatic embryogensis. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker were applied by seven ISSR primers successfully and showed 48 polymorphic bands out of a total of 127 bands with 81.1% polymorphism which can be considered as useful markers for study the effect of the treatments used. Histological and morphological means via handling section, de-waxing and staining examined by light microscope to discriminate the progression of specific stages and general definition of SE, evaluated potato AMV-free production from infected potato cv. Ditta via two techniques: chemotherapy using saliycilic, thioracile, 8-azaguanin, cuomarin and kinetin; also embryonic calli as somatic embryogenesis pathway. Serological tests by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques. Next step, standardized a suitable technique for nutrient encaplsulation of potato nodal segments (unipolar synthetic seeds) and somatic embryo (bipolar synthetic seeds) as synthetic seeds by using different concentrations of sodium alginate at 2%, 3% and 4% and all of them were complexed by Ca-salts either Ca (Na3)2 or Na Cl2 in the presence of distilled water, 1/4 or 1/2 MS medium, sorbitol or ABA as artificial endosperm to evaluate of it conversion and vitality after storage under conditions: temperature (21±1 Cº and 4Cº) and containers (empty and with 1/2 MS solid medium in 10ml). Algaination degree and cracking degree of capsule and survival percentage were numder-taken. After storage under different temperature and time, the following data were recorded, extended of regeneration and variability of nodes and SE were examined. The presence of capsules in the lab was influenced by the presence of capsule contents. The absence of salts of Murashige and Skoog in the capsule was better. The use of these capsules decreased the conversion rate. When sorbitol was added, it retained its ability to shift and also increased its duration storage. While, absisic doses not gave any conversion rate. All of this is done when incubating at a temperature of 4 ° C. The synthetic seeds were cultivated in a conversion medium. Cultivation of all survival converted synthetic seeds and adapted resulted in successive survival and vigor plantlets (70%).
Thesis Chapters by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
Maha EL-Abhar, Using modern techniques in propagation and adaptation of some mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars under Egypt environment. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Science, Institute of Environmental Studies &Research, Ain. Shams University, 2008.
The present study was carried out on mulberry (Morus alba L.) Moritiana (MO), Kokoso (KO) and Iljiros (IL) cultivars to investigate propagation protocol, producing of morphologically free plants from any abnormal symptoms and evaluation of salinity and drought stress tolerance through various stages of in vitro techniques. The data of establishment stage revealed that the survival percentage was 100 % for the two cultivars. Moritiana (MO) cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) but lower leaf and bud number/explants, callus formation percentage and weight than Kokoso (KO) cv. in MS medium. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1BA gave the highest shoot number, while; plus 1.0 mgl-1BA+0.5mgl-1NAA gave the highest shoot length (mm). Moreover, at 2.0 mgl-1BA + 0.5mgl-1NAA it achieved highest leaf number (3.99), callus formation (100 %) and weight (0.81). The lowest bud number/explants was produced when 0.5mgl-1 BA was added to MS medium. Concerning effect of the two media, WPM medium was preferable for shoot length, leaf number and callus weight; meanwhile, MS was the best for shoot number, bud number/explants and callus %. In multiplication stage, by the second subculture, the growth measurements were decrease in either cultivars or media. In respect to effect of MS supplemented with growth regulators, MO cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) and lower leaf and bud number/explants than KO cv. in the 1st and 2nd subcultures. Regarding the comparison between the two testedmedia, MS medium through two subcultures was more suitable than WPM medium for the increase of shoot number and length (mm), leaf number and bud
number/explants although WPM was preferable for shoot length and leaf number in establishment stage. Comparison between the effects of the two tested media cleared that the cultures of KO cv. in WPM medium were deteriorated during the 2nd subculture. All plantlets in multiplication stage were derived to rooting medium supplemented with 0.5mgl-1IBA+ 0.5mgl-1NAA. The highest survival %, rooting %, root number and length were achieved for MO cv. than KO cv. in MS medium. Plantlets of KO cv. which derived from MS+1.0mgl-1 BA+0.5mgl-1 NAA to rooting medium didn’t record any rooting. Meristm tip culture, 0.5 mgl-1BA was superior in survival % and development for KO than MO cvs.. Multiplecation stage carried out with two subcultures on the same BA concentration (0.5mgl-1), shoot number and length and leaf number such as criteria for this stage were recorded after 30 days for each passage time. After second subculture in MS medium with 0.5mgl-1 BA the developed shoot transferred to elongation medium MS+0.5 BA+2 GA3 mgl-1. Survival percentage, original and proliferated shoot length, number of healthy and injured leaves and bud burst percentages were use as criteria for the tolerance of some mulberry cultivars to salinity and drought in vitro. Ranking the decrease of these criteria was associated with ranking the increase of NaCl or PEG levels. Survival % for MO cv. reached to 13.3 % under 7.5 gl-1 NaCl for 6 weeks exposure compared to (80 %) for control. KO cv. continued to tolerate up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl after 6 weeks exposure by continuous leaf production and it was able to grow for 4 and 6 weeks exposure even under 60gl-1 PEG than other cultivars. At zero PEG and 4 weeks exposure, the highest survival % for IL (80%) compared to either KO or MO cvs. (100%) under the same conditions. The three cultivars showed insignificant differences in proliferated shoot length in NaCl. The lowest number of proliferated shoots recorded (0.25) for KO and IL at 20 gl-1, while for MO cv. at 40 gl-1 PEG. The increase in NaCl and PEG level led to an increase in proline content in all cvs.. Mean of proline
accumulation with the increase in salinity up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl (0.42 mg/1.0g FW) and reduced by 10gl-1 NaCl (0.08 mg/1.0g FW) because the majority of plants were died. Proline accumulated rapidly and higher for IL cv. as it reached to the highest content at 7.5gl-1 NaCl with significant differences than the other cvs. at the same salt level. Under 20 gl-1 PEG, proline content for the three cvs., was significantly higher than the it for the control and 10 gl-1 PEG. Furthermore, KO and MO cvs. were insignificantly higher than IL cv.. The in vitro screening procedure can be used for ranking the mulberry cultivars for either salinity or drought tolerance
Book Reviews by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
Teaching Documents by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
و منها: عوامل بيئية و عوامل طبوغرافية و اضطرابات تغذية و امراض الحصاد و التلوث
Drafts by Dr. Maha El-Abhar
تعتبر الوقاية خير من العلاج فى كل الامراض، و يقصد بوقاية النباتات تزويدها بالوسائل التى تجعلها أكثر قدرة على مقاومة الأفة عند محاولتها إصابته و التطفل علية، و من الطرق الوقائية إستخدام الميكروبات المضادة للميكروبات الممرضة كمكافحة بيولوجية و مقاومة حيوية ذو أهمية و قدرة عالية إذا أستخدمت بطريقة علمية و سليمة و التى تعتبر من التكتيكات الإستراتيجية لمكافحة الأفة.
This study comprised two parts. In the first part, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was isolated from naturally infected potato plants grown in Bader Center, Behera Governorate, Egypt. The isolated virus was biologically purified by single local lesions developed on Ch. amaranticolor leaves and propagated in potato cv. Daimond. The isolated virus was identified and its identity was confirmed serologically and molecularly. The virus was identified as such on the bases of host range and symptomatology, modes of transmission, serological reaction, molecular biology and ultrastructure changes in infected potato leaf cells. In the second part, three cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ditta, Santana and Daimond cvs. were used to compare their responses to callus induction and embryonic callus criteria. The data of induction stage revealed that the Ditta cv. achieved superior embryonic callus induction 79.52% and it was investigated to somatic embryogensis. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker were applied by seven ISSR primers successfully and showed 48 polymorphic bands out of a total of 127 bands with 81.1% polymorphism which can be considered as useful markers for study the effect of the treatments used. Histological and morphological means via handling section, de-waxing and staining examined by light microscope to discriminate the progression of specific stages and general definition of SE, evaluated potato AMV-free production from infected potato cv. Ditta via two techniques: chemotherapy using saliycilic, thioracile, 8-azaguanin, cuomarin and kinetin; also embryonic calli as somatic embryogenesis pathway. Serological tests by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques. Next step, standardized a suitable technique for nutrient encaplsulation of potato nodal segments (unipolar synthetic seeds) and somatic embryo (bipolar synthetic seeds) as synthetic seeds by using different concentrations of sodium alginate at 2%, 3% and 4% and all of them were complexed by Ca-salts either Ca (Na3)2 or Na Cl2 in the presence of distilled water, 1/4 or 1/2 MS medium, sorbitol or ABA as artificial endosperm to evaluate of it conversion and vitality after storage under conditions: temperature (21±1 Cº and 4Cº) and containers (empty and with 1/2 MS solid medium in 10ml). Algaination degree and cracking degree of capsule and survival percentage were numder-taken. After storage under different temperature and time, the following data were recorded, extended of regeneration and variability of nodes and SE were examined. The presence of capsules in the lab was influenced by the presence of capsule contents. The absence of salts of Murashige and Skoog in the capsule was better. The use of these capsules decreased the conversion rate. When sorbitol was added, it retained its ability to shift and also increased its duration storage. While, absisic doses not gave any conversion rate. All of this is done when incubating at a temperature of 4 ° C. The synthetic seeds were cultivated in a conversion medium. Cultivation of all survival converted synthetic seeds and adapted resulted in successive survival and vigor plantlets (70%).
Maha EL-Abhar, Using modern techniques in propagation and adaptation of some mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars under Egypt environment. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Science, Institute of Environmental Studies &Research, Ain. Shams University, 2008.
The present study was carried out on mulberry (Morus alba L.) Moritiana (MO), Kokoso (KO) and Iljiros (IL) cultivars to investigate propagation protocol, producing of morphologically free plants from any abnormal symptoms and evaluation of salinity and drought stress tolerance through various stages of in vitro techniques. The data of establishment stage revealed that the survival percentage was 100 % for the two cultivars. Moritiana (MO) cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) but lower leaf and bud number/explants, callus formation percentage and weight than Kokoso (KO) cv. in MS medium. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1BA gave the highest shoot number, while; plus 1.0 mgl-1BA+0.5mgl-1NAA gave the highest shoot length (mm). Moreover, at 2.0 mgl-1BA + 0.5mgl-1NAA it achieved highest leaf number (3.99), callus formation (100 %) and weight (0.81). The lowest bud number/explants was produced when 0.5mgl-1 BA was added to MS medium. Concerning effect of the two media, WPM medium was preferable for shoot length, leaf number and callus weight; meanwhile, MS was the best for shoot number, bud number/explants and callus %. In multiplication stage, by the second subculture, the growth measurements were decrease in either cultivars or media. In respect to effect of MS supplemented with growth regulators, MO cv. achieved higher shoot number, length (mm) and lower leaf and bud number/explants than KO cv. in the 1st and 2nd subcultures. Regarding the comparison between the two testedmedia, MS medium through two subcultures was more suitable than WPM medium for the increase of shoot number and length (mm), leaf number and bud
number/explants although WPM was preferable for shoot length and leaf number in establishment stage. Comparison between the effects of the two tested media cleared that the cultures of KO cv. in WPM medium were deteriorated during the 2nd subculture. All plantlets in multiplication stage were derived to rooting medium supplemented with 0.5mgl-1IBA+ 0.5mgl-1NAA. The highest survival %, rooting %, root number and length were achieved for MO cv. than KO cv. in MS medium. Plantlets of KO cv. which derived from MS+1.0mgl-1 BA+0.5mgl-1 NAA to rooting medium didn’t record any rooting. Meristm tip culture, 0.5 mgl-1BA was superior in survival % and development for KO than MO cvs.. Multiplecation stage carried out with two subcultures on the same BA concentration (0.5mgl-1), shoot number and length and leaf number such as criteria for this stage were recorded after 30 days for each passage time. After second subculture in MS medium with 0.5mgl-1 BA the developed shoot transferred to elongation medium MS+0.5 BA+2 GA3 mgl-1. Survival percentage, original and proliferated shoot length, number of healthy and injured leaves and bud burst percentages were use as criteria for the tolerance of some mulberry cultivars to salinity and drought in vitro. Ranking the decrease of these criteria was associated with ranking the increase of NaCl or PEG levels. Survival % for MO cv. reached to 13.3 % under 7.5 gl-1 NaCl for 6 weeks exposure compared to (80 %) for control. KO cv. continued to tolerate up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl after 6 weeks exposure by continuous leaf production and it was able to grow for 4 and 6 weeks exposure even under 60gl-1 PEG than other cultivars. At zero PEG and 4 weeks exposure, the highest survival % for IL (80%) compared to either KO or MO cvs. (100%) under the same conditions. The three cultivars showed insignificant differences in proliferated shoot length in NaCl. The lowest number of proliferated shoots recorded (0.25) for KO and IL at 20 gl-1, while for MO cv. at 40 gl-1 PEG. The increase in NaCl and PEG level led to an increase in proline content in all cvs.. Mean of proline
accumulation with the increase in salinity up to 7.5gl-1 NaCl (0.42 mg/1.0g FW) and reduced by 10gl-1 NaCl (0.08 mg/1.0g FW) because the majority of plants were died. Proline accumulated rapidly and higher for IL cv. as it reached to the highest content at 7.5gl-1 NaCl with significant differences than the other cvs. at the same salt level. Under 20 gl-1 PEG, proline content for the three cvs., was significantly higher than the it for the control and 10 gl-1 PEG. Furthermore, KO and MO cvs. were insignificantly higher than IL cv.. The in vitro screening procedure can be used for ranking the mulberry cultivars for either salinity or drought tolerance
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
على الرغم من أهمية الزراعة في الاقتصاد، فقد يكون الإنتاج الزراعي في البلدان الأقل نمواً لا يستطيع تلبية احتياجات الأسواق المحلية أو أسواق التصدير.
وجمهورية مصر العربية تعتبر من الدول التي تسعي نحو تحقيق تنمية مستدامة متسارعة لمواجهة الحراك الدولى الكبير
فلذلك تتجه هذه المحاضرة إلى ترسيخ مفهوم مساهمة زراعة الأنسجة النباتية فى التطبيق الزراعى التنموى المستدام خلال الإطار الإستراتيجى للتنمية المستدامة فى مصر تماشيا و إلتزاما بجهود منظمة الامم المتحدة، مجموعة البنك الدولى، منظمة الإقتصاد الأخضر، كدفع قوى لعجلة التنمية الزراعية
و منها: عوامل بيئية و عوامل طبوغرافية و اضطرابات تغذية و امراض الحصاد و التلوث
Elimination of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) CV. Ditta via embryonic calli was evaluated. AMV was isolated from potato plants and characterized. Virus-infected plants, grown under greenhouse conditions, were used as a source for virus elimination. Leaves excised from green parts of infected potato. Produce pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) were obtained