IRAS, COBE, and ISO have demonstrated the unique importance of a cryogenic infrared telescope in ... more IRAS, COBE, and ISO have demonstrated the unique importance of a cryogenic infrared telescope in space for studying diffuse infrared backgrounds and for teasing out the individual point sources which contribute to them. This importance results from the extremely high infrared sensitivity of such telescopes, particularly to diffuse radiation. The next cryogenic infrared telescope will be NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), which is currently in the final stages of construction leading to launch in 2002. SIRTF will be the first infrared space observatory to make extensive use - both for imaging and spectroscopy - of large format infrared detector arrays. The sensitivity and spatial and spectral coverage of SIRTF's array-based instruments endow SIRTF with great power for the study of the cosmic infrared background (CIRB) and related scientific issues. This paper reviews the SIRTF mission design and measurement functionality and describes SIRTF's potential stud...
Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, 2012
ABSTRACT The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300... more ABSTRACT The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300-fiber, narrow-band near-infrared (1.51-1.7 mu m), high resolution (R similar to 22,500) spectrograph to survey approximately 100,000 giant stars across the Milky Way. This three-year survey, in operation since late-summer 2011 as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III), will revolutionize our understanding of the kinematical and chemical enrichment histories of all Galactic stellar populations. We present the performance of the instrument from its first year in operation. The instrument is housed in a separate building adjacent to the 2.5-m SDSS telescope and fed light via approximately 45-meter fiber runs from the telescope. The instrument design includes numerous innovations including a gang connector that allows simultaneous connection of all fibers with a single plug to a telescope cartridge that positions the fibers on the sky, numerous places in the fiber train in which focal ratio degradation had to be minimized, a large mosaic-VPH (290 mm x 475 mm elliptically-shaped recorded area), an f/1.4 six-element refractive camera featuring silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as 393 mm, three near-infrared detectors mounted in a 1 x 3 mosaic with sub-pixel translation capability, and all of these components housed within a custom, LN2-cooled, stainless steel vacuum cryostat with dimensions 1.4-m x 2.3-m x 1.3-m.
In March and April 2003, the Chandra X-ray Observatory carried out a series of 126 short observat... more In March and April 2003, the Chandra X-ray Observatory carried out a series of 126 short observations (5 ksec each) covering a contiguous area of the Boötes constellation to construct a large area shallow X-ray survey. These observations were carried out as collaboration of Guest Observer (C. Jones PI) and Guaranteed Time Observer (S. Murray PI) programs. The Boötes area
We have used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to carry out a series of 126 short observations (5 kse... more We have used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to carry out a series of 126 short observations (5 ksec each) to cover a contiguous area of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) in Bootes. These observations were carried out as collaboration of Guest Observer (C. Jones PI) and Guaranteed Time Observer (S. Murray PI) programs. We present here, an initial analysis
We present X-ray results from Chandra observations of the Boötes 9 square degree survey field. Th... more We present X-ray results from Chandra observations of the Boötes 9 square degree survey field. This field corresponds to the northern half of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). The Chandra observations of the Boötes field consist of 126 separate contiguous ACIS- I observations each of approximately 5 ksec in duration. The observations are arranged in
We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes... more We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes X-ray survey and redshifts from the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (AGES) to measure the X-ray evolution of normal galaxies as a function of absolute luminosity and spectral type over the range 0 < z < 0.5. We discuss the implications of our
We present Herschel observations of SMM J1633554.2+661225, which is a galaxy at z = 2.515 that is... more We present Herschel observations of SMM J1633554.2+661225, which is a galaxy at z = 2.515 that is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster Abell 2218, with a magnification of 22. Using the Herschel SPIRE 250, 350, & 500 micron observations, which span the peak of dust emission at this redshift, we derive a more robust infrared luminosity and measure the
The Chandra survey within the Bootes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) is unique ... more The Chandra survey within the Bootes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) is unique in its large (9 deg2) contiguous area at relatively deep flux limits as well as the comprehensive deep multi-wavelength coverage that exists within the same region. As such, it can be used to determine the X-ray properties of well defined populations of galaxies from
ABSTRACT New surveys with the Spitzer space telescope identify distant starburst and active galax... more ABSTRACT New surveys with the Spitzer space telescope identify distant starburst and active galaxies by their strong emission at far-infrared (IR) wavelengths. Using deep Spitzer surveys at 24 and 70µm coupled with HSTimaging in the Chandra Deep Field South, we study the relation between galaxy morphology and IR-active stages of galaxy evolution. IR-luminous galaxies span a wide range of morphology. At z ∼ 1, there is a correlation between the relative fraction of galaxies with morphological distortions (multiple nuclei, tidal tails, etc.) and increasing IR luminosity, which suggests that the strong starbursts at high redshift arise from galaxy interactions. However, the majority of IR-luminous galaxies do not have exceptionally asymmetric morphologies, and galaxies with strong asymmetries correspond to a range of galaxy IR activity. We conclude that the relation between galaxy morphology and IR activity is highly complex, and strongly dependent on the initial conditions of galaxy interactions.
The next generation of 6 to 10 m class telescopes is being planned to include the capability for ... more The next generation of 6 to 10 m class telescopes is being planned to include the capability for adaptive wavefront correction. The MMT with its 7-m baseline, provides an ideal testbed for novel techniques of adaptive optics. Using a new instrument based on a six-segment adaptive mirror, a number of wavefront sensing algorithms including an artificial neural network have been
We present results regarding the optical counterparts of the 5-ks Chandra observations of the Boö... more We present results regarding the optical counterparts of the 5-ks Chandra observations of the Boötes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). This survey is unique in the unprecedented large ( ˜9 deg2), contiguous region imaged in X-ray and in the complementary deep optical and near-IR observations provided by the NDWFS. We detect optical counterparts for 98% of the 3,213 X-ray detected sources within the NDWFS area. The optical colors suggest that the bright galaxies are a combination of z<1 massive early-type galaxies and bluer star forming galaxies whereas the majority of the bright stellar sources are quasars at redshifts z ˜1-3. We select a large sub-sample of objects with large X-ray to optical flux ratios which are likely high redshift and/or obscured AGN. The 75 X-ray sources with no optical counterparts to R ˜26 have hard X-ray spectra and are also likely to be high redshift obscured AGN. Our research is supported by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory w...
The design of an IR mapping spectrometer that exceeds all the criteria of the Pluto Fast Flyby Mi... more The design of an IR mapping spectrometer that exceeds all the criteria of the Pluto Fast Flyby Mission will be presented. The instrument has a mass of approximately 1700 g and uses less than 4 W of power. The design concept is based on an f/3 spectrograph using an aberration-corrected concave holographic grating. Up to four spectral regions can be covered simultaneously by dividing the grating into two to four sections, each imaging the entrance slit on a different area of the array. The spectrography will be fed by a lightweight 5 in. f/3 telescope based on SDIO precepts. In order to provide spectroscopic access to the fundamental molecule frequencies, an extended-range NICMOS array to approximately 3.5 microns and an InSb array going to 5.8 microns will be considered.
We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes... more We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes X-ray survey, and spectral information from the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (AGES) to measure the X-ray evolution of normal galaxies as a function of absolute optical luminosity, redshift, and spectral type over the largely unexplored range 0 < z < 0.5. Because only the closest or brightest of the galaxies are individually detected in X-rays, we perform a stacking analysis to determine the mean properties of the sample. We use radial emission profiles of low redshift galaxies and the hardness ratios and X-ray to optical luminosity ratios of all galaxies to estimate the relative contributions of stellar and nuclear sources. These tests suggest that the X-ray emission from spectroscopically late-type galaxies is dominated by HMXBs, while that from early-type galaxies is dominated by AGN. We find that the mean star formation rate and the AGN accretion luminosity evolve as ˜ (1+z)...
IRAS, COBE, and ISO have demonstrated the unique importance of a cryogenic infrared telescope in ... more IRAS, COBE, and ISO have demonstrated the unique importance of a cryogenic infrared telescope in space for studying diffuse infrared backgrounds and for teasing out the individual point sources which contribute to them. This importance results from the extremely high infrared sensitivity of such telescopes, particularly to diffuse radiation. The next cryogenic infrared telescope will be NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), which is currently in the final stages of construction leading to launch in 2002. SIRTF will be the first infrared space observatory to make extensive use - both for imaging and spectroscopy - of large format infrared detector arrays. The sensitivity and spatial and spectral coverage of SIRTF's array-based instruments endow SIRTF with great power for the study of the cosmic infrared background (CIRB) and related scientific issues. This paper reviews the SIRTF mission design and measurement functionality and describes SIRTF's potential stud...
Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, 2012
ABSTRACT The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300... more ABSTRACT The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300-fiber, narrow-band near-infrared (1.51-1.7 mu m), high resolution (R similar to 22,500) spectrograph to survey approximately 100,000 giant stars across the Milky Way. This three-year survey, in operation since late-summer 2011 as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III), will revolutionize our understanding of the kinematical and chemical enrichment histories of all Galactic stellar populations. We present the performance of the instrument from its first year in operation. The instrument is housed in a separate building adjacent to the 2.5-m SDSS telescope and fed light via approximately 45-meter fiber runs from the telescope. The instrument design includes numerous innovations including a gang connector that allows simultaneous connection of all fibers with a single plug to a telescope cartridge that positions the fibers on the sky, numerous places in the fiber train in which focal ratio degradation had to be minimized, a large mosaic-VPH (290 mm x 475 mm elliptically-shaped recorded area), an f/1.4 six-element refractive camera featuring silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as 393 mm, three near-infrared detectors mounted in a 1 x 3 mosaic with sub-pixel translation capability, and all of these components housed within a custom, LN2-cooled, stainless steel vacuum cryostat with dimensions 1.4-m x 2.3-m x 1.3-m.
In March and April 2003, the Chandra X-ray Observatory carried out a series of 126 short observat... more In March and April 2003, the Chandra X-ray Observatory carried out a series of 126 short observations (5 ksec each) covering a contiguous area of the Boötes constellation to construct a large area shallow X-ray survey. These observations were carried out as collaboration of Guest Observer (C. Jones PI) and Guaranteed Time Observer (S. Murray PI) programs. The Boötes area
We have used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to carry out a series of 126 short observations (5 kse... more We have used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to carry out a series of 126 short observations (5 ksec each) to cover a contiguous area of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) in Bootes. These observations were carried out as collaboration of Guest Observer (C. Jones PI) and Guaranteed Time Observer (S. Murray PI) programs. We present here, an initial analysis
We present X-ray results from Chandra observations of the Boötes 9 square degree survey field. Th... more We present X-ray results from Chandra observations of the Boötes 9 square degree survey field. This field corresponds to the northern half of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). The Chandra observations of the Boötes field consist of 126 separate contiguous ACIS- I observations each of approximately 5 ksec in duration. The observations are arranged in
We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes... more We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes X-ray survey and redshifts from the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (AGES) to measure the X-ray evolution of normal galaxies as a function of absolute luminosity and spectral type over the range 0 &amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; z &amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.5. We discuss the implications of our
We present Herschel observations of SMM J1633554.2+661225, which is a galaxy at z = 2.515 that is... more We present Herschel observations of SMM J1633554.2+661225, which is a galaxy at z = 2.515 that is gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster Abell 2218, with a magnification of 22. Using the Herschel SPIRE 250, 350, & 500 micron observations, which span the peak of dust emission at this redshift, we derive a more robust infrared luminosity and measure the
The Chandra survey within the Bootes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) is unique ... more The Chandra survey within the Bootes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) is unique in its large (9 deg2) contiguous area at relatively deep flux limits as well as the comprehensive deep multi-wavelength coverage that exists within the same region. As such, it can be used to determine the X-ray properties of well defined populations of galaxies from
ABSTRACT New surveys with the Spitzer space telescope identify distant starburst and active galax... more ABSTRACT New surveys with the Spitzer space telescope identify distant starburst and active galaxies by their strong emission at far-infrared (IR) wavelengths. Using deep Spitzer surveys at 24 and 70µm coupled with HSTimaging in the Chandra Deep Field South, we study the relation between galaxy morphology and IR-active stages of galaxy evolution. IR-luminous galaxies span a wide range of morphology. At z ∼ 1, there is a correlation between the relative fraction of galaxies with morphological distortions (multiple nuclei, tidal tails, etc.) and increasing IR luminosity, which suggests that the strong starbursts at high redshift arise from galaxy interactions. However, the majority of IR-luminous galaxies do not have exceptionally asymmetric morphologies, and galaxies with strong asymmetries correspond to a range of galaxy IR activity. We conclude that the relation between galaxy morphology and IR activity is highly complex, and strongly dependent on the initial conditions of galaxy interactions.
The next generation of 6 to 10 m class telescopes is being planned to include the capability for ... more The next generation of 6 to 10 m class telescopes is being planned to include the capability for adaptive wavefront correction. The MMT with its 7-m baseline, provides an ideal testbed for novel techniques of adaptive optics. Using a new instrument based on a six-segment adaptive mirror, a number of wavefront sensing algorithms including an artificial neural network have been
We present results regarding the optical counterparts of the 5-ks Chandra observations of the Boö... more We present results regarding the optical counterparts of the 5-ks Chandra observations of the Boötes region of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). This survey is unique in the unprecedented large ( ˜9 deg2), contiguous region imaged in X-ray and in the complementary deep optical and near-IR observations provided by the NDWFS. We detect optical counterparts for 98% of the 3,213 X-ray detected sources within the NDWFS area. The optical colors suggest that the bright galaxies are a combination of z<1 massive early-type galaxies and bluer star forming galaxies whereas the majority of the bright stellar sources are quasars at redshifts z ˜1-3. We select a large sub-sample of objects with large X-ray to optical flux ratios which are likely high redshift and/or obscured AGN. The 75 X-ray sources with no optical counterparts to R ˜26 have hard X-ray spectra and are also likely to be high redshift obscured AGN. Our research is supported by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory w...
The design of an IR mapping spectrometer that exceeds all the criteria of the Pluto Fast Flyby Mi... more The design of an IR mapping spectrometer that exceeds all the criteria of the Pluto Fast Flyby Mission will be presented. The instrument has a mass of approximately 1700 g and uses less than 4 W of power. The design concept is based on an f/3 spectrograph using an aberration-corrected concave holographic grating. Up to four spectral regions can be covered simultaneously by dividing the grating into two to four sections, each imaging the entrance slit on a different area of the array. The spectrography will be fed by a lightweight 5 in. f/3 telescope based on SDIO precepts. In order to provide spectroscopic access to the fundamental molecule frequencies, an extended-range NICMOS array to approximately 3.5 microns and an InSb array going to 5.8 microns will be considered.
We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes... more We combine optical data from the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey (NDWFS), X-ray data from the XBoötes X-ray survey, and spectral information from the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (AGES) to measure the X-ray evolution of normal galaxies as a function of absolute optical luminosity, redshift, and spectral type over the largely unexplored range 0 < z < 0.5. Because only the closest or brightest of the galaxies are individually detected in X-rays, we perform a stacking analysis to determine the mean properties of the sample. We use radial emission profiles of low redshift galaxies and the hardness ratios and X-ray to optical luminosity ratios of all galaxies to estimate the relative contributions of stellar and nuclear sources. These tests suggest that the X-ray emission from spectroscopically late-type galaxies is dominated by HMXBs, while that from early-type galaxies is dominated by AGN. We find that the mean star formation rate and the AGN accretion luminosity evolve as ˜ (1+z)...
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Papers by M. Rieke