Edible mushrooms possess health-promoting bioactive compounds and are used throughout the world f... more Edible mushrooms possess health-promoting bioactive compounds and are used throughout the world for their extensive medicinal properties. One of the unique bioactive compounds found in mushrooms is the water-soluble thiol-containing antioxidant amino acid, L-ergothioneine (LE). It is a stable antioxidant molecule and does not degrade at high temperature and high pH. L-Ergothioneine is not synthesized by plants and animals, including human. Therefore, LE is obtained through dietary sources, mainly from edible mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus and Grifola frondosa. These mushroom species have been reported to have a high LE content in them. LE is considered as a molecule for longevity and referred to as longevity vitamin. In this chapter, we have described the sources, the cytoprotective mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of LE.
Gas chromatography with infrared detection (GC-IRD) provides direct confirmatory data for the ide... more Gas chromatography with infrared detection (GC-IRD) provides direct confirmatory data for the identification of the drug of abuse; 3,4-MDMA and its regioisomer; 2,3-MDMA, from a set of seven tertiary amines which have an isobaric or regioisomeric relationship with the MDMAs. These compounds include three ring substituted regioisomers of 2-dimethylamino-1-(methoxyphenyl)ethanone, two ring regioisomers of N,N-dimethyl-2-(methoxymethylphenyl)ethanamine in addition to N,N-dimethyl-2-(2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethanamine. The major mass spectral fragments for each of these unique isomers occur at equivalent mass and all have equal molecular weight. Thus, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) does not provide sufficient information for the confirmation of identity of any one of these isomers to the exclusion of the other compounds. The infrared spectra for these compounds allow for identification of any one of these amines. This differentiation is accomplished without the aid of chemical derivatization. The IR spectra served to divide the studied compounds into four groups depending on their absorption bands in the region 2700-3100 cm(-1). Moreover, compounds with different ring substitution pattern within each group can be differentiated by several bands in the 700-1700 cm(-1) region. These regioisomeric substances are well resolved by GC on Rtx-1 stationary phase and the vapor-phase infrared spectra clearly differentiate among this set of compounds.
Three regioisomeric 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major... more Three regioisomeric 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major mass spectral fragments of equal mass have been reported as drugs of abuse in recent years. These compounds are 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine (MDMMA), and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB). Ring substituted ethoxy phenethylamines having the same side chain are compounds with an isobaric relationship to these controlled drug substances, all have molecular weight of 207 and major fragment ions in their electron ionization mass spectra at m/z 72 and 135/136. The three methylenedioxyphenethylamines were resolved from the ethoxyphenethylamines by capillary gas chromatography using an Rxi-50 stationary phase. The trifluoroacetyl, pentafluoropropionyl and heptafluorobutryl derivatives of the secondary amines were evaluated in GC-MS studies. The mass spectra for these derivatives were significantly individualized and the resulting unique fragment ions allowed for specific side chain identification. The perfluoroacyl derivatives showed reasonable resolution on a non-polar stationary phase such as Rtx-1. GC-IRD studies provided structure-IR spectra relationships used for the discrimination of the three target drugs (MDEA, MDMMA and MBDB) from the other nine ring substituted ethoxyphenethylamine regioisomers.
The use of methanol or ethanol as the injection solvent for the gas chromatographic-mass spectral... more The use of methanol or ethanol as the injection solvent for the gas chromatographic-mass spectral (GC-MS) analysis of low molecular weight amine drugs of abuse results in the formation of additional components in the sample. Primary amines, such as amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, and phenethylamine, yield imines upon injection as methanol or ethanol solutions. In methanol, the imine formed has a mass that is 12 mass units higher than the parent compound. In ethanol, the products formed have 26 additional mass units. Secondary amines appear to undergo methylation under similar conditions with methanol as the injection solvent. These products are absent from the analysis of equivalent amine samples dissolved in chloroform.
Depression is a disease that many suffer at some point in their lifetime. Depression can present ... more Depression is a disease that many suffer at some point in their lifetime. Depression can present as an array of symptoms spanning from tiredness to suicidal thoughts. The cause of depression can be either due to internal or external factors, including genetics, stress, and drug use. At a molecular level, depression can alter the synaptic plasticity of the brain and cause atrophic changes in the cortical and hippocampal regions. Some scientists proposed that a large decline of monoamine neurotransmitters induces depression.
Furthermore, the antihypertensive drug reserpine was considered a model for the monoamine depletion hypothesis. After multiple reserpine users began experiencing depression, scientists discovered that it caused a significant decrease in the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters produced. Following this discovery, the monoamine depletion hypothesis came to light. Antidepressants became focused on increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels as their success grew, so did the support of the hypothesis. Criticisms and counterarguments arose against the monoamine depletion hypothesis, the main argument being the time lag between the intake of antidepressants and the time they begin working. Other counterarguments included why antidepressants worked just as well on patients not diagnosed with depression, like patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder or anxiety. This review summarizes depression and the monoamine depletion hypothesis, with a focus on the drug reserpine and its role in establishing the hypothesis.
Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defi... more Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defined as an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom involved in a double-bonding (pi) arrangement with oxygen. Recall that carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to achieve and octet. Oxygen has a valence of six and thus requires two electrons or bonds to satisfy its octet. Thus carbon can form single bonds with oxygen (as in the alcohols and ethers) or double bond with oxygen (as in aldehydes and ketones) in the neutral state:
Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defi... more Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defined as an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom involved in a double-bonding (pi) arrangement with oxygen. Recall that carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to achieve and octet. Oxygen has a valence of six and thus requires two electrons or bonds to satisfy its octet. Thus carbon can form single bonds with oxygen (as in the alcohols and ethers) or double bond with oxygen (as in aldehydes and ketones) in the neutral state:
Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of C-C, C-H and C-X bonds where X is a ... more Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of C-C, C-H and C-X bonds where X is a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). Carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to complete its octet in the neutral state. Hydrogen has a valence of one and thus requires a single electron or bond to complete its “duet” in the neutral state. Halogens have seven valence electrons and thus require a single electron or bond to complete its octet. Thus in halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon can form neutral bonding arrangements by forming single bonds with halogens, single bonds with hydrogen, and single, double or triple bonds with other carbons (or other atoms). This bonding order is illustrated for chloromethane shown below:
Abstract A method has been developed for the separation of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline and Fe(III)... more Abstract A method has been developed for the separation of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline and Fe(III)-5-sulphosalicylate complexes on a reversed-phase C 18 column in the presence of an ion-pairing reagent. Samples were injected on the column in the pre-complexed form and separated using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile [0.1% (w/v) in 5-sulphosalicylic acid] −0.02 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.9) [0.1% (w/v) in tetramethylammonium chloride] (1 + 1). Spectrophotometric detection of the complexes was carried out at 515 nm. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 1–12 μg mol −1 Fe(II) and Fe(III).
Edible mushrooms possess health-promoting bioactive compounds and are used throughout the world f... more Edible mushrooms possess health-promoting bioactive compounds and are used throughout the world for their extensive medicinal properties. One of the unique bioactive compounds found in mushrooms is the water-soluble thiol-containing antioxidant amino acid, L-ergothioneine (LE). It is a stable antioxidant molecule and does not degrade at high temperature and high pH. L-Ergothioneine is not synthesized by plants and animals, including human. Therefore, LE is obtained through dietary sources, mainly from edible mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus and Grifola frondosa. These mushroom species have been reported to have a high LE content in them. LE is considered as a molecule for longevity and referred to as longevity vitamin. In this chapter, we have described the sources, the cytoprotective mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of LE.
Gas chromatography with infrared detection (GC-IRD) provides direct confirmatory data for the ide... more Gas chromatography with infrared detection (GC-IRD) provides direct confirmatory data for the identification of the drug of abuse; 3,4-MDMA and its regioisomer; 2,3-MDMA, from a set of seven tertiary amines which have an isobaric or regioisomeric relationship with the MDMAs. These compounds include three ring substituted regioisomers of 2-dimethylamino-1-(methoxyphenyl)ethanone, two ring regioisomers of N,N-dimethyl-2-(methoxymethylphenyl)ethanamine in addition to N,N-dimethyl-2-(2,3- and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)ethanamine. The major mass spectral fragments for each of these unique isomers occur at equivalent mass and all have equal molecular weight. Thus, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) does not provide sufficient information for the confirmation of identity of any one of these isomers to the exclusion of the other compounds. The infrared spectra for these compounds allow for identification of any one of these amines. This differentiation is accomplished without the aid of chemical derivatization. The IR spectra served to divide the studied compounds into four groups depending on their absorption bands in the region 2700-3100 cm(-1). Moreover, compounds with different ring substitution pattern within each group can be differentiated by several bands in the 700-1700 cm(-1) region. These regioisomeric substances are well resolved by GC on Rtx-1 stationary phase and the vapor-phase infrared spectra clearly differentiate among this set of compounds.
Three regioisomeric 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major... more Three regioisomeric 3, 4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major mass spectral fragments of equal mass have been reported as drugs of abuse in recent years. These compounds are 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine (MDMMA), and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB). Ring substituted ethoxy phenethylamines having the same side chain are compounds with an isobaric relationship to these controlled drug substances, all have molecular weight of 207 and major fragment ions in their electron ionization mass spectra at m/z 72 and 135/136. The three methylenedioxyphenethylamines were resolved from the ethoxyphenethylamines by capillary gas chromatography using an Rxi-50 stationary phase. The trifluoroacetyl, pentafluoropropionyl and heptafluorobutryl derivatives of the secondary amines were evaluated in GC-MS studies. The mass spectra for these derivatives were significantly individualized and the resulting unique fragment ions allowed for specific side chain identification. The perfluoroacyl derivatives showed reasonable resolution on a non-polar stationary phase such as Rtx-1. GC-IRD studies provided structure-IR spectra relationships used for the discrimination of the three target drugs (MDEA, MDMMA and MBDB) from the other nine ring substituted ethoxyphenethylamine regioisomers.
The use of methanol or ethanol as the injection solvent for the gas chromatographic-mass spectral... more The use of methanol or ethanol as the injection solvent for the gas chromatographic-mass spectral (GC-MS) analysis of low molecular weight amine drugs of abuse results in the formation of additional components in the sample. Primary amines, such as amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, and phenethylamine, yield imines upon injection as methanol or ethanol solutions. In methanol, the imine formed has a mass that is 12 mass units higher than the parent compound. In ethanol, the products formed have 26 additional mass units. Secondary amines appear to undergo methylation under similar conditions with methanol as the injection solvent. These products are absent from the analysis of equivalent amine samples dissolved in chloroform.
Depression is a disease that many suffer at some point in their lifetime. Depression can present ... more Depression is a disease that many suffer at some point in their lifetime. Depression can present as an array of symptoms spanning from tiredness to suicidal thoughts. The cause of depression can be either due to internal or external factors, including genetics, stress, and drug use. At a molecular level, depression can alter the synaptic plasticity of the brain and cause atrophic changes in the cortical and hippocampal regions. Some scientists proposed that a large decline of monoamine neurotransmitters induces depression.
Furthermore, the antihypertensive drug reserpine was considered a model for the monoamine depletion hypothesis. After multiple reserpine users began experiencing depression, scientists discovered that it caused a significant decrease in the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters produced. Following this discovery, the monoamine depletion hypothesis came to light. Antidepressants became focused on increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels as their success grew, so did the support of the hypothesis. Criticisms and counterarguments arose against the monoamine depletion hypothesis, the main argument being the time lag between the intake of antidepressants and the time they begin working. Other counterarguments included why antidepressants worked just as well on patients not diagnosed with depression, like patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder or anxiety. This review summarizes depression and the monoamine depletion hypothesis, with a focus on the drug reserpine and its role in establishing the hypothesis.
Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defi... more Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defined as an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom involved in a double-bonding (pi) arrangement with oxygen. Recall that carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to achieve and octet. Oxygen has a valence of six and thus requires two electrons or bonds to satisfy its octet. Thus carbon can form single bonds with oxygen (as in the alcohols and ethers) or double bond with oxygen (as in aldehydes and ketones) in the neutral state:
Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defi... more Aldehyde and ketones are "carbonyl" derivatives of the hydrocarbons. A carbonyl is defined as an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom involved in a double-bonding (pi) arrangement with oxygen. Recall that carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to achieve and octet. Oxygen has a valence of six and thus requires two electrons or bonds to satisfy its octet. Thus carbon can form single bonds with oxygen (as in the alcohols and ethers) or double bond with oxygen (as in aldehydes and ketones) in the neutral state:
Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of C-C, C-H and C-X bonds where X is a ... more Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of C-C, C-H and C-X bonds where X is a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). Carbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to complete its octet in the neutral state. Hydrogen has a valence of one and thus requires a single electron or bond to complete its “duet” in the neutral state. Halogens have seven valence electrons and thus require a single electron or bond to complete its octet. Thus in halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon can form neutral bonding arrangements by forming single bonds with halogens, single bonds with hydrogen, and single, double or triple bonds with other carbons (or other atoms). This bonding order is illustrated for chloromethane shown below:
Abstract A method has been developed for the separation of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline and Fe(III)... more Abstract A method has been developed for the separation of Fe(II)-1,10-phenanthroline and Fe(III)-5-sulphosalicylate complexes on a reversed-phase C 18 column in the presence of an ion-pairing reagent. Samples were injected on the column in the pre-complexed form and separated using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile [0.1% (w/v) in 5-sulphosalicylic acid] −0.02 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.9) [0.1% (w/v) in tetramethylammonium chloride] (1 + 1). Spectrophotometric detection of the complexes was carried out at 515 nm. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 1–12 μg mol −1 Fe(II) and Fe(III).
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Papers by Jack DeRuiter
Furthermore, the antihypertensive drug reserpine was considered a model for the monoamine depletion hypothesis. After multiple reserpine users began experiencing depression, scientists discovered that it caused a significant decrease in the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters produced. Following this discovery, the monoamine depletion hypothesis came to light. Antidepressants became focused on increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels as their success grew, so did the support of the hypothesis. Criticisms and counterarguments arose against the monoamine depletion hypothesis, the main argument being the time lag between the intake of antidepressants and the time they begin working. Other counterarguments included why antidepressants worked just as well on patients not diagnosed with depression, like patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder or anxiety. This review summarizes depression and the monoamine depletion hypothesis, with a focus on the drug reserpine and its role in establishing the hypothesis.
Furthermore, the antihypertensive drug reserpine was considered a model for the monoamine depletion hypothesis. After multiple reserpine users began experiencing depression, scientists discovered that it caused a significant decrease in the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters produced. Following this discovery, the monoamine depletion hypothesis came to light. Antidepressants became focused on increasing monoamine neurotransmitter levels as their success grew, so did the support of the hypothesis. Criticisms and counterarguments arose against the monoamine depletion hypothesis, the main argument being the time lag between the intake of antidepressants and the time they begin working. Other counterarguments included why antidepressants worked just as well on patients not diagnosed with depression, like patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder or anxiety. This review summarizes depression and the monoamine depletion hypothesis, with a focus on the drug reserpine and its role in establishing the hypothesis.