International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2016
Purpose The properties of polyester/cotton (PC) fabric after chemical treatments as lining in woo... more Purpose The properties of polyester/cotton (PC) fabric after chemical treatments as lining in woolen suits has been investigated, as the purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different finishing agents and their concentration on the properties of PC fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Three different chemical finishes such as anti-slip finish, softener and moisture management finish were applied to currently popular 80/20 PC pocketing fabric at three different concentration levels. A total of 60 seams were produced from 2/1 twill woolen shell fabric and chemically treated lining. Six important tests defining comfort and seam’s quality of lining fabric were chosen, namely, seam strength, seam slippage, stiffness, drape, water vapor transmission (WVT), abrasion resistance to study its properties and testing were done as per standardized test methods. Findings Chemical treatments affect the properties of PC fabric used as lining significantly in terms of seam strength, se...
A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index E... more A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 1990 to 2020 to obtain insights into the trajectory of pigment coloration research. The study focused on the publication performance in terms of the yearly production and citations, as well as mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading nations, well-known institutions, and research trends. The survey found that the yearly output of scholarly publications on pigment coloration research climbed gradually throughout the first quarter of the study period and then increased substantially in the latter five years. The present research emphasis and future trends were examined after summarizing the paper title and abstract analyses, author keyword analysis, and the most regularly used keywords derived from words in KeyWords Plus. To expand its reach in numerous application areas, pigment coloration research will continue to focus on improving pigment qu...
Science and technology continue to choose the use of renewable raw materials and more environment... more Science and technology continue to choose the use of renewable raw materials and more environment friendly and sustainable resources and processes. Nanocellulose is an important addition for that movement. The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due to their unique and potentially useful features. These novel nanocelluloses boost up the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites. Surface modification of cellulose nafibrils is necessary in order to expand the horizon of their application towards water insoluble polymer matrices. This review organises the current knowledge on the surface modification of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. A detail of chemical and physical modification of fibril from cellulose has been reviewed.
An attempt has been taken to reformulate the dyeing process of cotton fabric with the aim of redu... more An attempt has been taken to reformulate the dyeing process of cotton fabric with the aim of reducing the environmental pollution with economic advantages by the substitution of harmful chemical auxiliaries with ethanol at low concentration. The results were studied in comparison with the standard conventional recipe, and a favorable effect of alcohol addition, at 1–3 g/L, on the dye uptake, equilibrium time of isothermal dyeing was achieved in laboratory scale. Fastness properties and dyeing levelness were also compared. Color fastness to wash and rubbing were found to be unaffected with better levelness of dyeing by the introduction of ethanol in the reactive dyeing recipe of cotton. Ethanol replaced dyeing auxiliaries successfully by serving the function of both wetting and leveling agent where it is readily biodegradable, and hence, this process becomes eco-friendly. Finally, environmental and economic issues arising from chemical substitution of dyeing additives with ethanol were considered, and environmental advantages and cost saving due to the application of ethanol in comparison with dyeing auxiliaries were brought to light.
The present study focuses on the use of N-methylformanilide as swelling agent in the dyeing proce... more The present study focuses on the use of N-methylformanilide as swelling agent in the dyeing process of meta-aramid fibers. Fiber dyeability with a cationic dye (C.I. Basic Blue 41) has been examined at three different N-methylformanilide concentrations: in particular, adsorption isotherms, dyeing kinetics and fastness to washing and rubbing have been investigated. The experiments have been carried out in a batch system to optimize initial dyestuff concentration, swelling agent concentration and dyeing time. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms have been used to model equilibrium data. It was found that Freundlich model agreed very well with experimental data: the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The adsorption kinetics has been discussed in view of two kinetics models, i.e. the first-order Lagergren's model and a pseudo-second order model. The pseudo-first order kinetics model describes Basic Blue 41 adsorption on meta-aramid fiber very well. From the technological point of view, 5% on weight fiber (o.w.f.) of Basic Blue 41 and 60% o.w.f. of N-methylformanilide has been found to be adequate to obtain a deep and uniform hue. All dyeing conditions provide satisfactory fastness properties
The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due t... more The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due to its unique and potentially useful features. Novel nanocelluloses boost the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites. Their potential areas of application include reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, paper, biodegradable films, barriers for packaging, stabilizing agents in dispersions for technical films and membranes, additives in food, texturing agents in
cosmetics, and medical devices such as wound dressings and bioactive implants. This review organizes current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. Details of the extraction of fibrils from cellulose are reviewed. In addition, the terms cellulose “microfiber” and cellulose “nanofiber” are formally defined and distinguished.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022
To gain insight into the trend of bacterial nanocellulose research, a bibliometric analysis was p... more To gain insight into the trend of bacterial nanocellulose research, a bibliometric analysis was performed using the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 2005 to 2020. The study concentrated on the publication’s performance in terms of annual outputs and citations, mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading countries, prominent institutions, and trends in research. Current research priorities and future trends were analyzed after summarizing the most commonly used keywords extracted from words in the paper title analysis, authors’ keyword analysis, and KeyWords Plus. The findings revealed that the annual output in the form of scholarly articles on bacterial nanocellulose research steadily increased during the first quartile of the study period, followed by a very rapid increase in the last five-years of the study. Increasing mechanical strength would remain the main future focus of bacterial nanocellulose research to create its scope in different field of applications.
A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index E... more A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 1990 to 2020 to obtain insights into the trajectory of pigment coloration research. The study focused on the publication performance in terms of the yearly production and citations, as well as mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading nations, well-known institutions, and research trends. The survey found that the yearly output of scholarly publications on pigment coloration research climbed gradually throughout the first quarter of the study period and then increased substantially in the latter five years. The present research emphasis and future trends were examined after summarizing the paper title and abstract analyses, author keyword analysis, and the most regularly used keywords derived from words in KeyWords Plus. To expand its reach in numerous application areas, pigment coloration research will continue to focus on improving pigment qualities.
Layer-by-layer three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds (3DENS) were produced using the electrospi... more Layer-by-layer three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds (3DENS) were produced using the electrospinning technique. Interest in using biopolymers and application of electrospinning fabrication techniques to construct nanofibers for biomedical application has led to the development of scaffolds composed of PVA, keratin, and chitosan. To date, PVA/keratin blended nanofibers and PVA/chitosan blended nanofibers have been fabricated and studied for biomedical applications. Electrospun scaffolds comprised of keratin and chitosan have not yet been reported in published literature, thus a novel nanofibrous PVA/keratin/chitosan scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning. The resulting 3DENS were characterized using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Physiochemical properties of the polymer solutions such as viscosity (rheology) and conductivity were also investigated. The 3DENS possess a relatively uniform fibrous structure, suitable porosity, swelling properties, and degradation which are affected by the mass ratio of keratin, and chitosan to PVA. These results demonstrate that PVA/keratin/chitosan 3DENS have the potential for biomedical applications.
An attempt was made to print cotton fabric with pigments using a new thickening agent based on Al... more An attempt was made to print cotton fabric with pigments using a new thickening agent based on Aloe vera gel in combination with sodium alginate. The results were compared with the standard conventional printing recipe containing synthetic thickener, and a favourable effect of Aloe vera introduction was achieved. The results show that the properties of the printed fabric (sharpness, colour yield, overall fastness properties, softness, and water vapour transmission) are dependent on the percentage of Aloe vera gel in the thickener combination, the concentration of printing auxiliaries, and the curing conditions. Optimal printing properties were achieved by using a printing paste containing 80\% Aloe vera/20\% sodium alginate (700 g kg−1), pigment (50 g kg−1), binder (145 g kg−1), fixer (10 g kg−1), and ammonium sulfate (5 g kg−1), followed by drying at 85 °C for 5 min and curing at 150 °C for 3 min. The sample printed with the new recipe showed superior rubbing fastness and handle properties, with a slightly lower colour yield, when compared with the sample printed with synthetic thickener. Finally, economic issues arising from synthetic thickener substitution are highlighted.
Nanomaterials (NPs) with precise biological functions have considerable potential for use in biom... more Nanomaterials (NPs) with precise biological functions have considerable potential for use in biomedical applications. Surface modification is one of the effective routes to impart such desired and precise biological functions to NPs. Introduction of various reactive functional groups on the surface of NPs are required to conjugate a spectrum of contrast agents (CAs), for the targeted imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Current state in surface modification of NPs for preparing CAs of MRI is summarized in this chapter. Chemistries involved in the bioconjugation and surface modification are discussed. Chemical and bioconjugate reactions to transform the surface of NPs such as silica NPs, gold NPs, and gadolinium NPs are highlighted. Coating is another important approach to enhance the functionalities of CAs for MRI application, therefore, light is thrown on the coating mechanism of organic polymers including dextran, chitosan, and copolymers.
Summary Both commercially and domestically textiles are used commonly, and they are widely used i... more Summary Both commercially and domestically textiles are used commonly, and they are widely used in the interior of both housing and industrial facilities. The fibers used for making these textiles come from naturally occurring polymers such ascellulose, protein, keratin, etc., or from synthetic polymers- polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, etc. All these fibers are highly flammable and combustible, and pose serious fire hazard in case of fire accident. Statistics says that over 70\% of fire deaths in dwelling are caused by textiles. In many cases, to prevent fire and save lives it is needed to give fireproof properties to textiles. Therefore, flame retardant finish is one of the important finishes among the various available functional finishings of textiles. This chapter will discuss the history and importance of flame retardant finish, types of available flame retardant finish. The factors affecting the flammability and the standard test method for testing flame retardancy of textiles also will be discussed. This chapter will also give an insight into the advancement of flame retardant synthetic fibers and environment issues related to flame retardant agents.
Summary Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals... more Summary Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals and very high temperatures, which can have considerable negative effects on the environment and energy consumption. Enzymes are one of the paramount interests in textile wet processing towards sustainable development and low energy consumption. Enzymes have been successfully used in many textile processes such as desizing, bio scouring, biopolishing, and bio stoning. Different studies also describe how enzymes could be used for the decolorization of dyes from textile effluents. There is evidence of improved dyeability of different fibers like cellulose and nylon when treated with enzymes before dyeing. In this chapter, the history, definition, functions, and different types of enzymes will be discussed. Enzymes used in different textile processes such as pretreatment, washing, and fishing will be described briefly. This chapter will also give insight into the enzymes used for the decolorization of dyes from the effluent, and for increasing the dyeability of cotton and nylon fibers.
Summary Skin cancer is a rising incident worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Though ... more Summary Skin cancer is a rising incident worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Though the ultraviolet rays constitute a very small portion of the solar spectrum, the radiation can cause several effects like sunburn, premature skin aging, allergies, and skin cancer. Effective methods to block the ultraviolet rays from human skin are urgently sought as the intensity of ultraviolet rays are increasing every year. Several means give protection to human skin against ultraviolet radiation. This chapter will discuss the ultraviolet rays and the importance of protection from these rays. The methods of blocking the ultraviolet rays, the measurement system of ultraviolet protective factor (UPF), and the clothing factors affecting UPF will also be discussed. This chapter will also give insight into the available types of ultraviolet absorbers and commercial ultraviolet protective clothing. The nanoparticle coatings for ultraviolet protective finish and the durability of ultraviolet finishes will also be discussed briefly.
Summary For the obvious reason of human needs, the textile sector has become the second-largest m... more Summary For the obvious reason of human needs, the textile sector has become the second-largest manufacturing industries just after the agricultural sector. One of the important and major areas of applications of polymers is the textile sector, more specifically in fiber production. Polymers are essential chemicals for the production of textile. Polymers are used in every step of textile manufacturing from fiber manufacturing to textile coloration and finishing. This chapter will discuss the source, chemical structure and properties, manufacturing process, and characterization of natural polymers such as cellulose, keratin, and fibroin as well as synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl alcohol. This chapter will also give an insight into the basics of polymer, classification of polymer, and polymerization process.
Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Use of Enzymes in Textile Finishing Easy Care Sof... more Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Use of Enzymes in Textile Finishing Easy Care Softening Finishes Repellent Finishes Flame-Retardant (FR) Finish Ultraviolet (UV) Protection Finish Plasma Treatment Energy-Efficient and Water-Saving Finishing Processes
The biggest environmentally poisonous and contaminating industry in the world is textiles because... more The biggest environmentally poisonous and contaminating industry in the world is textiles because of the use of ecologically dangerous synthetic chemicals and traditional processing technologies. Textile wet processing section or commonly known as the dyeing and finishing section is considered to be the highest contributor to environmental pollution among the various textile processing departments. Traditional chemical processes have certain disadvantages, such as the use of synthetic chemicals for pretreatment, coloration, and finishing which can cause severe fiber damage and is also hazardous toward human and environment. This is mainly because the textile wet processes generate wastewaters of great chemical complexity due to heavy discharges of the huge variety of fibers, inorganic salts, alkalis, other processing aids such as surfactants, finishing products, and organic matter such as dyes to effluent. To overcome these limitations, it is essential to find green chemicals and sustainable processing technologies. Generally, sustainable chemicals and technology refer to the innovation, modeling, and utilization of chemical agents and processes either purposefully limit or eliminate the use of poisonous materials. It is also known as environment-friendly chemical synthesis. The main objective of sustainable chemicals is to limit poisonous impacts to humans and the environment by renovating traditional processes and harmful chemicals and auxiliaries from wet processing industries. Sustainable processing technologies are eco-friendly, more efficient, clean, economical, safe to develop, lessen the use of toxic chemicals, and in some cases recyclable. Many researchers have explored in creating eco-friendly chemicals, dyes, and auxiliaries for various advancements in achieving sustainable chemical approaches for textile wet processing, which has advanced the way toward accomplishing sustainability in textile sectors. This chapter features some important innovations toward achieving sustainable chemical technologies for pretreatment, coloration, and chemical finishing of fiber, yarn, fabric, and readymade garments.
International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2016
Purpose The properties of polyester/cotton (PC) fabric after chemical treatments as lining in woo... more Purpose The properties of polyester/cotton (PC) fabric after chemical treatments as lining in woolen suits has been investigated, as the purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different finishing agents and their concentration on the properties of PC fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Three different chemical finishes such as anti-slip finish, softener and moisture management finish were applied to currently popular 80/20 PC pocketing fabric at three different concentration levels. A total of 60 seams were produced from 2/1 twill woolen shell fabric and chemically treated lining. Six important tests defining comfort and seam’s quality of lining fabric were chosen, namely, seam strength, seam slippage, stiffness, drape, water vapor transmission (WVT), abrasion resistance to study its properties and testing were done as per standardized test methods. Findings Chemical treatments affect the properties of PC fabric used as lining significantly in terms of seam strength, se...
A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index E... more A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 1990 to 2020 to obtain insights into the trajectory of pigment coloration research. The study focused on the publication performance in terms of the yearly production and citations, as well as mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading nations, well-known institutions, and research trends. The survey found that the yearly output of scholarly publications on pigment coloration research climbed gradually throughout the first quarter of the study period and then increased substantially in the latter five years. The present research emphasis and future trends were examined after summarizing the paper title and abstract analyses, author keyword analysis, and the most regularly used keywords derived from words in KeyWords Plus. To expand its reach in numerous application areas, pigment coloration research will continue to focus on improving pigment qu...
Science and technology continue to choose the use of renewable raw materials and more environment... more Science and technology continue to choose the use of renewable raw materials and more environment friendly and sustainable resources and processes. Nanocellulose is an important addition for that movement. The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due to their unique and potentially useful features. These novel nanocelluloses boost up the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites. Surface modification of cellulose nafibrils is necessary in order to expand the horizon of their application towards water insoluble polymer matrices. This review organises the current knowledge on the surface modification of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. A detail of chemical and physical modification of fibril from cellulose has been reviewed.
An attempt has been taken to reformulate the dyeing process of cotton fabric with the aim of redu... more An attempt has been taken to reformulate the dyeing process of cotton fabric with the aim of reducing the environmental pollution with economic advantages by the substitution of harmful chemical auxiliaries with ethanol at low concentration. The results were studied in comparison with the standard conventional recipe, and a favorable effect of alcohol addition, at 1–3 g/L, on the dye uptake, equilibrium time of isothermal dyeing was achieved in laboratory scale. Fastness properties and dyeing levelness were also compared. Color fastness to wash and rubbing were found to be unaffected with better levelness of dyeing by the introduction of ethanol in the reactive dyeing recipe of cotton. Ethanol replaced dyeing auxiliaries successfully by serving the function of both wetting and leveling agent where it is readily biodegradable, and hence, this process becomes eco-friendly. Finally, environmental and economic issues arising from chemical substitution of dyeing additives with ethanol were considered, and environmental advantages and cost saving due to the application of ethanol in comparison with dyeing auxiliaries were brought to light.
The present study focuses on the use of N-methylformanilide as swelling agent in the dyeing proce... more The present study focuses on the use of N-methylformanilide as swelling agent in the dyeing process of meta-aramid fibers. Fiber dyeability with a cationic dye (C.I. Basic Blue 41) has been examined at three different N-methylformanilide concentrations: in particular, adsorption isotherms, dyeing kinetics and fastness to washing and rubbing have been investigated. The experiments have been carried out in a batch system to optimize initial dyestuff concentration, swelling agent concentration and dyeing time. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms have been used to model equilibrium data. It was found that Freundlich model agreed very well with experimental data: the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The adsorption kinetics has been discussed in view of two kinetics models, i.e. the first-order Lagergren's model and a pseudo-second order model. The pseudo-first order kinetics model describes Basic Blue 41 adsorption on meta-aramid fiber very well. From the technological point of view, 5% on weight fiber (o.w.f.) of Basic Blue 41 and 60% o.w.f. of N-methylformanilide has been found to be adequate to obtain a deep and uniform hue. All dyeing conditions provide satisfactory fastness properties
The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due t... more The development of nanocellulose has attracted significant interest in the last few decades due to its unique and potentially useful features. Novel nanocelluloses boost the strongly expanding field of sustainable materials and nanocomposites. Their potential areas of application include reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, paper, biodegradable films, barriers for packaging, stabilizing agents in dispersions for technical films and membranes, additives in food, texturing agents in
cosmetics, and medical devices such as wound dressings and bioactive implants. This review organizes current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. Details of the extraction of fibrils from cellulose are reviewed. In addition, the terms cellulose “microfiber” and cellulose “nanofiber” are formally defined and distinguished.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022
To gain insight into the trend of bacterial nanocellulose research, a bibliometric analysis was p... more To gain insight into the trend of bacterial nanocellulose research, a bibliometric analysis was performed using the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 2005 to 2020. The study concentrated on the publication’s performance in terms of annual outputs and citations, mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading countries, prominent institutions, and trends in research. Current research priorities and future trends were analyzed after summarizing the most commonly used keywords extracted from words in the paper title analysis, authors’ keyword analysis, and KeyWords Plus. The findings revealed that the annual output in the form of scholarly articles on bacterial nanocellulose research steadily increased during the first quartile of the study period, followed by a very rapid increase in the last five-years of the study. Increasing mechanical strength would remain the main future focus of bacterial nanocellulose research to create its scope in different field of applications.
A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index E... more A systematic review and bibliometric study were undertaken utilizing the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 1990 to 2020 to obtain insights into the trajectory of pigment coloration research. The study focused on the publication performance in terms of the yearly production and citations, as well as mainstream journals, categories of the Web of Sciences, leading nations, well-known institutions, and research trends. The survey found that the yearly output of scholarly publications on pigment coloration research climbed gradually throughout the first quarter of the study period and then increased substantially in the latter five years. The present research emphasis and future trends were examined after summarizing the paper title and abstract analyses, author keyword analysis, and the most regularly used keywords derived from words in KeyWords Plus. To expand its reach in numerous application areas, pigment coloration research will continue to focus on improving pigment qualities.
Layer-by-layer three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds (3DENS) were produced using the electrospi... more Layer-by-layer three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds (3DENS) were produced using the electrospinning technique. Interest in using biopolymers and application of electrospinning fabrication techniques to construct nanofibers for biomedical application has led to the development of scaffolds composed of PVA, keratin, and chitosan. To date, PVA/keratin blended nanofibers and PVA/chitosan blended nanofibers have been fabricated and studied for biomedical applications. Electrospun scaffolds comprised of keratin and chitosan have not yet been reported in published literature, thus a novel nanofibrous PVA/keratin/chitosan scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning. The resulting 3DENS were characterized using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Physiochemical properties of the polymer solutions such as viscosity (rheology) and conductivity were also investigated. The 3DENS possess a relatively uniform fibrous structure, suitable porosity, swelling properties, and degradation which are affected by the mass ratio of keratin, and chitosan to PVA. These results demonstrate that PVA/keratin/chitosan 3DENS have the potential for biomedical applications.
An attempt was made to print cotton fabric with pigments using a new thickening agent based on Al... more An attempt was made to print cotton fabric with pigments using a new thickening agent based on Aloe vera gel in combination with sodium alginate. The results were compared with the standard conventional printing recipe containing synthetic thickener, and a favourable effect of Aloe vera introduction was achieved. The results show that the properties of the printed fabric (sharpness, colour yield, overall fastness properties, softness, and water vapour transmission) are dependent on the percentage of Aloe vera gel in the thickener combination, the concentration of printing auxiliaries, and the curing conditions. Optimal printing properties were achieved by using a printing paste containing 80\% Aloe vera/20\% sodium alginate (700 g kg−1), pigment (50 g kg−1), binder (145 g kg−1), fixer (10 g kg−1), and ammonium sulfate (5 g kg−1), followed by drying at 85 °C for 5 min and curing at 150 °C for 3 min. The sample printed with the new recipe showed superior rubbing fastness and handle properties, with a slightly lower colour yield, when compared with the sample printed with synthetic thickener. Finally, economic issues arising from synthetic thickener substitution are highlighted.
Nanomaterials (NPs) with precise biological functions have considerable potential for use in biom... more Nanomaterials (NPs) with precise biological functions have considerable potential for use in biomedical applications. Surface modification is one of the effective routes to impart such desired and precise biological functions to NPs. Introduction of various reactive functional groups on the surface of NPs are required to conjugate a spectrum of contrast agents (CAs), for the targeted imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Current state in surface modification of NPs for preparing CAs of MRI is summarized in this chapter. Chemistries involved in the bioconjugation and surface modification are discussed. Chemical and bioconjugate reactions to transform the surface of NPs such as silica NPs, gold NPs, and gadolinium NPs are highlighted. Coating is another important approach to enhance the functionalities of CAs for MRI application, therefore, light is thrown on the coating mechanism of organic polymers including dextran, chitosan, and copolymers.
Summary Both commercially and domestically textiles are used commonly, and they are widely used i... more Summary Both commercially and domestically textiles are used commonly, and they are widely used in the interior of both housing and industrial facilities. The fibers used for making these textiles come from naturally occurring polymers such ascellulose, protein, keratin, etc., or from synthetic polymers- polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, cellulose acetate, etc. All these fibers are highly flammable and combustible, and pose serious fire hazard in case of fire accident. Statistics says that over 70\% of fire deaths in dwelling are caused by textiles. In many cases, to prevent fire and save lives it is needed to give fireproof properties to textiles. Therefore, flame retardant finish is one of the important finishes among the various available functional finishings of textiles. This chapter will discuss the history and importance of flame retardant finish, types of available flame retardant finish. The factors affecting the flammability and the standard test method for testing flame retardancy of textiles also will be discussed. This chapter will also give an insight into the advancement of flame retardant synthetic fibers and environment issues related to flame retardant agents.
Summary Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals... more Summary Conventional textile wet processing is characterized by a high concentration of chemicals and very high temperatures, which can have considerable negative effects on the environment and energy consumption. Enzymes are one of the paramount interests in textile wet processing towards sustainable development and low energy consumption. Enzymes have been successfully used in many textile processes such as desizing, bio scouring, biopolishing, and bio stoning. Different studies also describe how enzymes could be used for the decolorization of dyes from textile effluents. There is evidence of improved dyeability of different fibers like cellulose and nylon when treated with enzymes before dyeing. In this chapter, the history, definition, functions, and different types of enzymes will be discussed. Enzymes used in different textile processes such as pretreatment, washing, and fishing will be described briefly. This chapter will also give insight into the enzymes used for the decolorization of dyes from the effluent, and for increasing the dyeability of cotton and nylon fibers.
Summary Skin cancer is a rising incident worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Though ... more Summary Skin cancer is a rising incident worldwide due to excessive exposure to sunlight. Though the ultraviolet rays constitute a very small portion of the solar spectrum, the radiation can cause several effects like sunburn, premature skin aging, allergies, and skin cancer. Effective methods to block the ultraviolet rays from human skin are urgently sought as the intensity of ultraviolet rays are increasing every year. Several means give protection to human skin against ultraviolet radiation. This chapter will discuss the ultraviolet rays and the importance of protection from these rays. The methods of blocking the ultraviolet rays, the measurement system of ultraviolet protective factor (UPF), and the clothing factors affecting UPF will also be discussed. This chapter will also give insight into the available types of ultraviolet absorbers and commercial ultraviolet protective clothing. The nanoparticle coatings for ultraviolet protective finish and the durability of ultraviolet finishes will also be discussed briefly.
Summary For the obvious reason of human needs, the textile sector has become the second-largest m... more Summary For the obvious reason of human needs, the textile sector has become the second-largest manufacturing industries just after the agricultural sector. One of the important and major areas of applications of polymers is the textile sector, more specifically in fiber production. Polymers are essential chemicals for the production of textile. Polymers are used in every step of textile manufacturing from fiber manufacturing to textile coloration and finishing. This chapter will discuss the source, chemical structure and properties, manufacturing process, and characterization of natural polymers such as cellulose, keratin, and fibroin as well as synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinyl alcohol. This chapter will also give an insight into the basics of polymer, classification of polymer, and polymerization process.
Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Use of Enzymes in Textile Finishing Easy Care Sof... more Abstract This chapter contains sections titled: Use of Enzymes in Textile Finishing Easy Care Softening Finishes Repellent Finishes Flame-Retardant (FR) Finish Ultraviolet (UV) Protection Finish Plasma Treatment Energy-Efficient and Water-Saving Finishing Processes
The biggest environmentally poisonous and contaminating industry in the world is textiles because... more The biggest environmentally poisonous and contaminating industry in the world is textiles because of the use of ecologically dangerous synthetic chemicals and traditional processing technologies. Textile wet processing section or commonly known as the dyeing and finishing section is considered to be the highest contributor to environmental pollution among the various textile processing departments. Traditional chemical processes have certain disadvantages, such as the use of synthetic chemicals for pretreatment, coloration, and finishing which can cause severe fiber damage and is also hazardous toward human and environment. This is mainly because the textile wet processes generate wastewaters of great chemical complexity due to heavy discharges of the huge variety of fibers, inorganic salts, alkalis, other processing aids such as surfactants, finishing products, and organic matter such as dyes to effluent. To overcome these limitations, it is essential to find green chemicals and sustainable processing technologies. Generally, sustainable chemicals and technology refer to the innovation, modeling, and utilization of chemical agents and processes either purposefully limit or eliminate the use of poisonous materials. It is also known as environment-friendly chemical synthesis. The main objective of sustainable chemicals is to limit poisonous impacts to humans and the environment by renovating traditional processes and harmful chemicals and auxiliaries from wet processing industries. Sustainable processing technologies are eco-friendly, more efficient, clean, economical, safe to develop, lessen the use of toxic chemicals, and in some cases recyclable. Many researchers have explored in creating eco-friendly chemicals, dyes, and auxiliaries for various advancements in achieving sustainable chemical approaches for textile wet processing, which has advanced the way toward accomplishing sustainability in textile sectors. This chapter features some important innovations toward achieving sustainable chemical technologies for pretreatment, coloration, and chemical finishing of fiber, yarn, fabric, and readymade garments.
Uploads
meta-aramid fibers. Fiber dyeability with a cationic dye (C.I. Basic Blue 41) has been examined at three
different N-methylformanilide concentrations: in particular, adsorption isotherms, dyeing kinetics and
fastness to washing and rubbing have been investigated. The experiments have been carried out in a
batch system to optimize initial dyestuff concentration, swelling agent concentration and dyeing time.
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms have been used to model equilibrium data. It was
found that Freundlich model agreed very well with experimental data: the correlation coefficients
ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The adsorption kinetics has been discussed in view of two kinetics models, i.e.
the first-order Lagergren's model and a pseudo-second order model. The pseudo-first order kinetics
model describes Basic Blue 41 adsorption on meta-aramid fiber very well. From the technological point of
view, 5% on weight fiber (o.w.f.) of Basic Blue 41 and 60% o.w.f. of N-methylformanilide has been found to
be adequate to obtain a deep and uniform hue. All dyeing conditions provide satisfactory fastness
properties
cosmetics, and medical devices such as wound dressings and bioactive implants. This review organizes current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. Details of the extraction of fibrils from cellulose are reviewed. In addition, the terms cellulose “microfiber” and cellulose “nanofiber” are formally defined and distinguished.
meta-aramid fibers. Fiber dyeability with a cationic dye (C.I. Basic Blue 41) has been examined at three
different N-methylformanilide concentrations: in particular, adsorption isotherms, dyeing kinetics and
fastness to washing and rubbing have been investigated. The experiments have been carried out in a
batch system to optimize initial dyestuff concentration, swelling agent concentration and dyeing time.
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms have been used to model equilibrium data. It was
found that Freundlich model agreed very well with experimental data: the correlation coefficients
ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The adsorption kinetics has been discussed in view of two kinetics models, i.e.
the first-order Lagergren's model and a pseudo-second order model. The pseudo-first order kinetics
model describes Basic Blue 41 adsorption on meta-aramid fiber very well. From the technological point of
view, 5% on weight fiber (o.w.f.) of Basic Blue 41 and 60% o.w.f. of N-methylformanilide has been found to
be adequate to obtain a deep and uniform hue. All dyeing conditions provide satisfactory fastness
properties
cosmetics, and medical devices such as wound dressings and bioactive implants. This review organizes current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated and nanofibrillated cellulose from plant sources. Details of the extraction of fibrils from cellulose are reviewed. In addition, the terms cellulose “microfiber” and cellulose “nanofiber” are formally defined and distinguished.