Having represented NZ as an athlete and coach in Judo and Shooting Dwayne has a passion for interpersonal relationships and the effects on performance. This has led him to start a PhD to test and extend the 3 + 1Cs model in Leadership Management. Extending Prof. Sophia Jowett's CART-Q to determine its applicability in a Leadership Management context using both Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. Supervisors: Dr Simon Walters, Dr Kirsten Spencer , Professor Lesley Ferkins, and Dr Chris Krageloh
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a constructivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coachathlete dyads. A mixedmethod approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample of approximately 67 New Zealand national representative female football players and their respective head coaches. Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis. ii The findings of this study indicate that there are significant similarities and difference in the perceptions of athletecoach dyadic relationships and these can be viewed with the premise that the uniqueness of high performance sport in New Zealand shapes the contextual nuance of the athletecoach relationship. iii Abstract i List of Figures v List of Tables vi Terminology vii Attestation of Authorship viii Acknowledgements ix Ethics Approval xi Chapter
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a constructivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coachathlete dyads. A mixedmethod approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample ...
Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the in... more Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the interpersonal constructs of Closeness, Commitment, Complementarity and Coorientation to appraise the nature of the relationship, yet the psychometric properties of the instrument still remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to resolve uncertainty about a suitable factor solution through applying previously used analytical methods as well as psychometric methods that are appropriate for this type of response scale, namely asymptotic distribution-free confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. Method: The 11-item direct and meta-perspective versions of the CART-Q were examined utilising AMOS, LISREL and Rach analysis using a sample of 251 national football and futsal coaches and athletes. A model comparison strategy with AMOS provided a direct comparison with previous studies. LISREL and Rasch analysis was conducted to provide additional information about the CART-Q psycho...
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coach-athlete relationship... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coach-athlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a post-positivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coach- athlete dyads. A mixed- method approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample of approximately 67 New Zealand national representative female football players and their respective head coaches. Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis.
Background/Objective: Many questionnaires have been developed to assess the nature of the relatio... more Background/Objective: Many questionnaires have been developed to assess the nature of the relationship between a leader and team member in an organisational setting. However, a number of studies have challenged the psychometric robustness of these instruments. Similar relationship dynamics have been studied in sports. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of a commonly used sport coachathlete questionnaire as an appropriate instrument to be applied in a more general leader-member organisational setting. Method: Participants were eight administrative employees from a National Sporting Organisation. Cognitive interviewing was used to explore the applicability of the 24-item revised Coach-Athlete RelaTionship Questionnaire (CART-Q-R) as an appropriate instrument to examine leader-member relationships in an organisational setting. During interviews, the participants' cognitive processing concerns, variabilities in question response processes, and patterns across interviews were analysed to determine the instrument's 24 questions' appropriateness. Results: 18 of the 24 questions were fully understood and answered with confidence and without hesitation. Six questions required amendments to the wording and were resolved as cognitive interviewing saturation was achieved. Conclusion: The CART-Q-R offers the potential alternative approach to measure a leadermember relationship's reciprocal nature, adding a greater breadth and depth of psychosocial aspects not previously considered. We suggest that measuring both dyadic partners' reciprocity allows for an altogether more comprehensive approach
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a constructivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coachathlete dyads. A mixedmethod approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample of approximately 67 New Zealand national representative female football players and their respective head coaches. Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis. ii The findings of this study indicate that there are significant similarities and difference in the perceptions of athletecoach dyadic relationships and these can be viewed with the premise that the uniqueness of high performance sport in New Zealand shapes the contextual nuance of the athletecoach relationship. iii Abstract i List of Figures v List of Tables vi Terminology vii Attestation of Authorship viii Acknowledgements ix Ethics Approval xi Chapter
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a constructivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coachathlete dyads. A mixedmethod approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample ...
Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the in... more Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the interpersonal constructs of Closeness, Commitment, Complementarity and Coorientation to appraise the nature of the relationship, yet the psychometric properties of the instrument still remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to resolve uncertainty about a suitable factor solution through applying previously used analytical methods as well as psychometric methods that are appropriate for this type of response scale, namely asymptotic distribution-free confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. Method: The 11-item direct and meta-perspective versions of the CART-Q were examined utilising AMOS, LISREL and Rach analysis using a sample of 251 national football and futsal coaches and athletes. A model comparison strategy with AMOS provided a direct comparison with previous studies. LISREL and Rasch analysis was conducted to provide additional information about the CART-Q psycho...
The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coach-athlete relationship... more The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coach-athlete relationships within New Zealand Football’s National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women’s team (the ‘Football Ferns’). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a post-positivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coach- athlete dyads. A mixed- method approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample of approximately 67 New Zealand national representative female football players and their respective head coaches. Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis.
Background/Objective: Many questionnaires have been developed to assess the nature of the relatio... more Background/Objective: Many questionnaires have been developed to assess the nature of the relationship between a leader and team member in an organisational setting. However, a number of studies have challenged the psychometric robustness of these instruments. Similar relationship dynamics have been studied in sports. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of a commonly used sport coachathlete questionnaire as an appropriate instrument to be applied in a more general leader-member organisational setting. Method: Participants were eight administrative employees from a National Sporting Organisation. Cognitive interviewing was used to explore the applicability of the 24-item revised Coach-Athlete RelaTionship Questionnaire (CART-Q-R) as an appropriate instrument to examine leader-member relationships in an organisational setting. During interviews, the participants' cognitive processing concerns, variabilities in question response processes, and patterns across interviews were analysed to determine the instrument's 24 questions' appropriateness. Results: 18 of the 24 questions were fully understood and answered with confidence and without hesitation. Six questions required amendments to the wording and were resolved as cognitive interviewing saturation was achieved. Conclusion: The CART-Q-R offers the potential alternative approach to measure a leadermember relationship's reciprocal nature, adding a greater breadth and depth of psychosocial aspects not previously considered. We suggest that measuring both dyadic partners' reciprocity allows for an altogether more comprehensive approach
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Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis.
Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis.