This paper presents a low cost knowledge base system framework for progressive die design. The ta... more This paper presents a low cost knowledge base system framework for progressive die design. The task of building the system is divided into different modules for major activities of progressive die design. Each module of the proposed framework is designed to interact with the user through the user interface. A procedure for developing knowledge base system modules is described at length. The rules of each module of the system are recommended to be coded in the AutoLISP language and loaded into the prompt area of AutoCAD. This arrangement facilitates interfacing of design process with modeling and can be operated on a PC/AT. For consultation, each module generates friendly prompts eliciting from the user data pertaining to the job. An important module DIEGAGE of proposed framework for the selection of die gages is designed by using the developed methodology. The output of this module includes recommendations on optimal dimensions of front spacer, back gage and distance between the die gages. An illustrative example is included for demonstrating the usefulness of the developed module DIEGAGE. The proposed system framework is flexible enough to accommodate new acquired knowledge for each module. The low cost of the system framework makes it affordable by small and medium size enterprises.
Spermatogenesis is collaboratively controlled by testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. T... more Spermatogenesis is collaboratively controlled by testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. Testosterone and its immediate metabolite dihydrotestosterone affect their roles through the androgen receptor (AR). Mutations in the AR gene have been shown to cause partial to complete androgen insensitivity or infertility in otherwise normal males. The dependence of germ cells upon Sertoli and Leydig cells for their differentiation into sperms and deletion studies of the AR gene in animal models indicate a direct or indirect role of the AR gene in spermatogenesis. Although a few studies worldwide have reported AR mutations in male infertility, no similar study has been conducted on Indian populations. Therefore, we undertook this study to look at the contribution of AR mutations in male infertility among Indian men. We have sequenced the complete coding region of the AR gene in a total of 399 infertile samples, comprising 277 azoospermic, 100 oligozoospermic, and 22 oligoteratozoospermic samples. A total of 100 healthy males with proven fertility and the same ethnicity as the experimental group served as controls. Sequence analysis revealed no mutation in any of these samples. Our study suggests that mutations in the AR gene are less likely to cause azoospermia and oligozoospermia; however, it was difficult to rule out its effect in oligoteratozoospermia, as the sample size was small.
Introduced by Einthoven, electrocardiography remains the most common diagnostic procedure readily... more Introduced by Einthoven, electrocardiography remains the most common diagnostic procedure readily available to the physician in primary and secondary care. It is a graphical display of the electrical potential difference as it spreads through the heart and is recorded at the body surface. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an indispensable tool to screen and monitor cardiac patients. Exercise ECG is used to diagnose coronary artery disease and ambulatory ECG to assess arrhythmias.
Androgens drive male secondary sexual differentiation and maturation. Mutations in the androgen r... more Androgens drive male secondary sexual differentiation and maturation. Mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene cause a broad spectrum of abnormal phenotypes in humans, ranging from mild through partial to complete androgen insensitivity. We have analyzed the AR gene by using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing and have studied gonads histologically in a familial case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Sequence analysis of the AR gene showed a novel C2578T missense mutation, resulting in the replacement of a highly conserved leucine residue with phenylalanine (L859F) in ligand-binding domain of the receptor. The residue L859, located in helix 10 of the androgen receptor, plays a significant role in overall architecture of ligand-binding pocket. The mutation was absent from the father, normal brother of the patients, and 100 normal males recruited in this study as controls. The inheritance of the mutation in the family clearly shows that C2578T is the underlying mutation for the eventual phenotype in the patients. Histology of patient's gonads showed Leydig cell hyperplasia, with a few or no spermatogonium. It is thought that AR gene mutations result in hormonal imbalance, resulting in the high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and ultimately Leydig cell hyperplasia or tumor formation. In the present study, we have reported a rare familial case of Leydig cell hyperplasia despite consistently normal LH levels. The finding will help in giving counseling to this family and prevent the transmission of the mutated X chromosome to the coming generations.
Y-chromosomal microdeletions are associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. AZFc micr... more Y-chromosomal microdeletions are associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. AZFc microdeletions have been always associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia with a rare occurrence in individuals with other infertility phenotypes. We report here a rare case of an infertile man carrying AZFc deletion, whose semen picture is oligoasthenoteratozoospermia complexed with seminal oxidative stress. Anti-oxidant therapy could make no change in either oxidative stress biomarker levels of semen, seminal parameters or serum hormone levels. Therefore, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in the present case correlates with AZFc deletion, and high content of abnormal sperm eventually might be responsible for persistently elevated reactive oxygen species levels. Understanding the function of genes in AZFc region could help decipher the exact cause of the phenotype in such cases.
This paper presents a low cost knowledge base system framework for progressive die design. The ta... more This paper presents a low cost knowledge base system framework for progressive die design. The task of building the system is divided into different modules for major activities of progressive die design. Each module of the proposed framework is designed to interact with the user through the user interface. A procedure for developing knowledge base system modules is described at length. The rules of each module of the system are recommended to be coded in the AutoLISP language and loaded into the prompt area of AutoCAD. This arrangement facilitates interfacing of design process with modeling and can be operated on a PC/AT. For consultation, each module generates friendly prompts eliciting from the user data pertaining to the job. An important module DIEGAGE of proposed framework for the selection of die gages is designed by using the developed methodology. The output of this module includes recommendations on optimal dimensions of front spacer, back gage and distance between the die gages. An illustrative example is included for demonstrating the usefulness of the developed module DIEGAGE. The proposed system framework is flexible enough to accommodate new acquired knowledge for each module. The low cost of the system framework makes it affordable by small and medium size enterprises.
Spermatogenesis is collaboratively controlled by testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. T... more Spermatogenesis is collaboratively controlled by testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. Testosterone and its immediate metabolite dihydrotestosterone affect their roles through the androgen receptor (AR). Mutations in the AR gene have been shown to cause partial to complete androgen insensitivity or infertility in otherwise normal males. The dependence of germ cells upon Sertoli and Leydig cells for their differentiation into sperms and deletion studies of the AR gene in animal models indicate a direct or indirect role of the AR gene in spermatogenesis. Although a few studies worldwide have reported AR mutations in male infertility, no similar study has been conducted on Indian populations. Therefore, we undertook this study to look at the contribution of AR mutations in male infertility among Indian men. We have sequenced the complete coding region of the AR gene in a total of 399 infertile samples, comprising 277 azoospermic, 100 oligozoospermic, and 22 oligoteratozoospermic samples. A total of 100 healthy males with proven fertility and the same ethnicity as the experimental group served as controls. Sequence analysis revealed no mutation in any of these samples. Our study suggests that mutations in the AR gene are less likely to cause azoospermia and oligozoospermia; however, it was difficult to rule out its effect in oligoteratozoospermia, as the sample size was small.
Introduced by Einthoven, electrocardiography remains the most common diagnostic procedure readily... more Introduced by Einthoven, electrocardiography remains the most common diagnostic procedure readily available to the physician in primary and secondary care. It is a graphical display of the electrical potential difference as it spreads through the heart and is recorded at the body surface. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an indispensable tool to screen and monitor cardiac patients. Exercise ECG is used to diagnose coronary artery disease and ambulatory ECG to assess arrhythmias.
Androgens drive male secondary sexual differentiation and maturation. Mutations in the androgen r... more Androgens drive male secondary sexual differentiation and maturation. Mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene cause a broad spectrum of abnormal phenotypes in humans, ranging from mild through partial to complete androgen insensitivity. We have analyzed the AR gene by using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing and have studied gonads histologically in a familial case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Sequence analysis of the AR gene showed a novel C2578T missense mutation, resulting in the replacement of a highly conserved leucine residue with phenylalanine (L859F) in ligand-binding domain of the receptor. The residue L859, located in helix 10 of the androgen receptor, plays a significant role in overall architecture of ligand-binding pocket. The mutation was absent from the father, normal brother of the patients, and 100 normal males recruited in this study as controls. The inheritance of the mutation in the family clearly shows that C2578T is the underlying mutation for the eventual phenotype in the patients. Histology of patient's gonads showed Leydig cell hyperplasia, with a few or no spermatogonium. It is thought that AR gene mutations result in hormonal imbalance, resulting in the high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and ultimately Leydig cell hyperplasia or tumor formation. In the present study, we have reported a rare familial case of Leydig cell hyperplasia despite consistently normal LH levels. The finding will help in giving counseling to this family and prevent the transmission of the mutated X chromosome to the coming generations.
Y-chromosomal microdeletions are associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. AZFc micr... more Y-chromosomal microdeletions are associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. AZFc microdeletions have been always associated with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia with a rare occurrence in individuals with other infertility phenotypes. We report here a rare case of an infertile man carrying AZFc deletion, whose semen picture is oligoasthenoteratozoospermia complexed with seminal oxidative stress. Anti-oxidant therapy could make no change in either oxidative stress biomarker levels of semen, seminal parameters or serum hormone levels. Therefore, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in the present case correlates with AZFc deletion, and high content of abnormal sperm eventually might be responsible for persistently elevated reactive oxygen species levels. Understanding the function of genes in AZFc region could help decipher the exact cause of the phenotype in such cases.
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Papers by Rajender Singh