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problem-of-universalsに関するnabinnoのブックマーク (3)
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nabinno 2014/08/26
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リンク -
普遍論争 - Wikipedia
例えば、まず第一に類と種に関して、それが客観的に存在するのか、それとも単に虚しい観念としてのみあるのか、また存在するとしても、物体であるのか、非物体的なものであるのか、また〔非物体的なものであるならば〕離在可能なものなのか、それとも感覚対象の内に、これらに依存しつつ存在するのか、という問題については回避することにする。 中世スコラ哲学全体を貫く最も重大な問題はこの一節で述べられている類や種から得られる「普遍」の実在性の問題であり、中世の哲学者はポルフュリオスが答えを出さなかったこの普遍の実在性の問題について議論を重ねた、とされる[1]。普遍の実在性が問題であったと言われるものの、そもそも普遍概念の捉え方自体が論者によってまちまちであり[2]、19世紀半ば以降に通説として、実在論（realism）、唯名論（nominalism）、概念論（conceptualism）の三つの立場が存在したと整
-
なぜ何もないのではなく、何かがあるのか - Wikipedia
「なぜ何もないのではなく、何かがあるのか？」（なぜなにもないのではなく、なにかがあるのか、英: Why is there something rather than nothing?）[注釈 1]は、哲学の一分野である形而上学の領域で議論される有名な問題の一つ。神学や宗教哲学、また宇宙論の領域などでも議論される。なぜ「無」ではなく、「何かが存在する」のか、その理由、根拠を問う問題。別の形として、 「なぜ宇宙(または世界)があるのか？（Why is there a universe(world)?）」 「なぜ無ではないのか？（Why not nothing?）」 「なぜそもそも何かが存在するのか？(Why there is anything at all?)」 などと問われる場合もある[注釈 2]。 物事の根拠を「なぜ」と繰り返し問い続けることでやがて現れる問いであることから「究極のなぜの問
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