Kalifornium

Kalifornium, ₉₈Cf
Kalifornium; kalipoŕniyum·
Pabaosan	/ˌkælɪˈfɔːrniəm/ (KAL-ə-FOR-nee-əm)
Cingakan	kapérakan
Nomor massa	[251]
Kalifornium ring tabél périodik
	berkelium ← kalifornium → éinsteinium
Wilangan atom (Z)	98
Watek	n/a
Période	période 7
Blok	blok-f
Konpigurasi éléktron	[Rn] 5f10 7s2
Éléktron per kulit	2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
Cecirén pisik
Pase ring STP	padat
Titik lebur	1173 K (900 °C, 1652 °F)
Titik didih	1743 K (1470 °C, 2678 °F) (perkiraan)
Kapadetan (nampek s.r.)	15,1 g/cm3
Cecirén atom
Paindikan oksidasi	+2, +3, +4, +5
Kaéléktronégatipan	skala Pauling: 1,3
Wasa ionisasi	ka-1: 608 kJ/mol ; ;
	Garis spéktral saking kalifornium
Cecirén liyanan
Struktur kristal	susunan padat heksagon ganda (dhcp)
Kakatosan Mohs	3–4
Nomor CAS	7440-71-3
Lelintihan
Pangaranan	dari California, genah ring dija ipun kacunduk
Panemuan	Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley (1950)
Isotop utama kalifornium
SF (2,9×10-3 %)	–
SF (5,0×10-7 %)	–
SF (0,08%)	–
SF (3,09%)	–
α (0,31%)	249Cm
α (0,31%)	250Cm
	Kategori:Kalifornium; cingak; pabligbagan; uah; \| pustaka

Kalifornium silih tunggil datu kimia sintétis antuk simbol Cf miwah wilangan atom 98. Datu puniki kapertama kasintesis warsa 1950 ring Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Bérkléy (selanturné Laboratorium Radiasi Universitas California), antuk ngabombardir curium antuk partikel alpha (ion hélium-4).^[11] Punika datu radioaktip aktinida, datu transuranium kanem manados kasintésis, miwah ngelah bobot atom pinih tegeh kaping kalih saking samian datu sané sampun kaproduksi akéh antuk kacingak sareng panyingakan langsung (sesampun éinsteinium). Datu puniki kaaranin universitas miwah negara wagian Amérika Serikat saking California.

Panganggen

Kalifornium dados kaanggén antuk terapi kanker.^[12] Datu puniki silih tunggil wit neutron sané éfisién. Wiadin nika akéh potensi kagunaan anyar ring datu puniki.

Cutetan

Pustaka

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 CRC 2006, p. 1.14.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 CRC 2006, p. 4.56.
↑ Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Kaaksés 5 Agustus 2022.
↑ Mal:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
↑ Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.
↑ Emsley 1998, p. 50.
↑ CRC 2006, p. 10.204.
↑ CRC 1991, p. 254.
↑ CRC 2006, p. 11.196.
↑ Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager), ed. (2008). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Kaaksés 5 Agustus 2022.
↑ Price Comparison (Most Expensive Substance) (ring Indonesia), kaaksés 2020-01-24
↑ "Kalifornium | Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan". MASTAH (ring Inggris). 2017-11-30. Kaaksés 2020-01-24.

Suratan

Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (édisi ka-6th). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1.
CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (eds.). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2.
CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (édisi ka-87th). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.
Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". Ring Hampel, Clifford A. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68029938.
Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (édisi ka-2nd). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". Ring Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (édisi ka-3rd). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (édisi ka-14th). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
Seaborg, Glenn T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
Seaborg, Glenn T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0.^{[permanent dead link]}
Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". Ring Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4.

Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68015217.

Pranala jaba

Californium ring Tabél Périodik Vidéo (Universitas Nottingham)
NuclearWeaponArchive.org – Kalifornium
Bank Data Datu Mabaya – Kalifornium, Radioaktip

Média kakait indik Californium ring Wikimedia Commons

[FOOTNOTECRC20061.14-1] 1,0 ^1,1 CRC 2006, p. 1.14.

[FOOTNOTECRC20064.56-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 CRC 2006, p. 4.56.

[3] Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Kaaksés 5 Agustus 2022.

[4] Mal:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd

[Kovács2018-5] Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.

[FOOTNOTEEmsley199850-6] Emsley 1998, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTECRC200610.204-7] CRC 2006, p. 10.204.

[FOOTNOTECRC1991254-8] CRC 1991, p. 254.

[FOOTNOTECRC200611.196-9] CRC 2006, p. 11.196.

[NNDC2008-10] Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager), ed. (2008). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Kaaksés 5 Agustus 2022.

[11] Price Comparison (Most Expensive Substance) (ring Indonesia), kaaksés 2020-01-24

[12] "Kalifornium | Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan". MASTAH (ring Inggris). 2017-11-30. Kaaksés 2020-01-24.

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