Predation risk imposes considerable pressure on the growth and energy budget of prey. Prey must r... more Predation risk imposes considerable pressure on the growth and energy budget of prey. Prey must respond to both small-scale fluctuations in predation risk as well as adapting to more persistent larger-scale differences in predatory threat experienced by separate populations. These more persistent pressures, potentially result in the development of antipredator responses of offspring, through parental effects. To understand how parental effects may modify the responses of prey to predation risk, we reared the offspring of intertidal gastropods (Nucella lapillus), collected from different wave exposure environments where predation pressures differ. Offspring were reared under various patterns of predatory risk through the period of juvenile development. Shell length, the relative investment in defensive shell structure and long-term energetics of offspring were then analysed to determine the influence of parental habitat and direct predatory threat. As anticipated, lower growth rates ...
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab <i>Carcinus maenas</i>) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salini...
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab <i>Carcinus maenas</i>) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salini...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2020
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fishes. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab Carcinus maenas ) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salinity conditions ex...
Climate change driven alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry are predicted to have signi... more Climate change driven alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry are predicted to have significant implications particularly for northern costal organisms, including the economically important filter feeders Mytilus edulis and Ciona intestinalis. However, despite a growing number of studies investigating the biological effects of multiple environmental stressors, the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and reduced salinity remain comparatively understudied. Changes in metabolic costs associated with homeostasis and feeding/digestion in response to environmental stressors may reallocate energy from growth and reproduction, affecting performance. Although these energetic trade-offs in response to changes in routine metabolic rates have been well demonstrated fewer studies have investigated how these are affected by changes in feeding plasticity. Consequently, the present study investigated the combined effects of 26 days’ exposure to elevated pCO2 (500 µatm and 1000 µatm) and reduc...
Marine crabs inhabit shallow coastal/estuarine habitats particularly sensitive to climate change,... more Marine crabs inhabit shallow coastal/estuarine habitats particularly sensitive to climate change, and yet we know very little about the diversity of their responses to environmental change. We report the effects of a rarely studied, but increasingly prevalent, combination of environmental factors, that of near-future pCO (~1000 µatm) and a physiologically relevant 20% reduction in salinity. We focused on two crab species with differing abilities to cope with natural salinity change, and revealed via physiological and molecular studies that salinity had an overriding effect on ion exchange in the osmoregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas. This species was unaffected by elevated CO, and was able to hyper-osmoregulate and maintain haemolymph pH homeostasis for at least one year. By contrast, the commercially important edible crab, Cancer pagurus, an osmoconformer, had limited ion-transporting capacities, which were unresponsive to dilute seawater. Elevated CO disrupted haemolymph pH h...
... London: Kegan Paul. Jokumsen, A., Wells, RMG, Ellerton, HD &amp; Weber, RE (1981). ... Th... more ... London: Kegan Paul. Jokumsen, A., Wells, RMG, Ellerton, HD &amp; Weber, RE (1981). ... Thomas, RC (1989). Intracellular pH regulation and the effects of external acidification. In Acid toxicity and aquatic animals, ed. R. Morris, EW Taylor, DJA Brown &amp; JA Brown, pp. 113–24. ...
ABSTRACT Oxygen consumption (MO2) of submerged Homarus gammarus acclimated at 15°C was 16.3 ± 1.0... more ABSTRACT Oxygen consumption (MO2) of submerged Homarus gammarus acclimated at 15°C was 16.3 ± 1.0(5) μmol kg min. MO2 was reduced to very low levels (5.5 ± 0.7(5) μmol kg min) after an acute change in temperature from 15 to 10°C and was increased to 22.7 ± 2.0(5) μmol kg miafter an acute change from 15 to 20°C. During aerial exposure MO2 varied with temperature and time but was limited to
Predation risk imposes considerable pressure on the growth and energy budget of prey. Prey must r... more Predation risk imposes considerable pressure on the growth and energy budget of prey. Prey must respond to both small-scale fluctuations in predation risk as well as adapting to more persistent larger-scale differences in predatory threat experienced by separate populations. These more persistent pressures, potentially result in the development of antipredator responses of offspring, through parental effects. To understand how parental effects may modify the responses of prey to predation risk, we reared the offspring of intertidal gastropods (Nucella lapillus), collected from different wave exposure environments where predation pressures differ. Offspring were reared under various patterns of predatory risk through the period of juvenile development. Shell length, the relative investment in defensive shell structure and long-term energetics of offspring were then analysed to determine the influence of parental habitat and direct predatory threat. As anticipated, lower growth rates ...
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab <i>Carcinus maenas</i>) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salini...
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab <i>Carcinus maenas</i>) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salini...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2020
Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how... more Current concerns about climate change have led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate-driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular the offspring of many invertebrates and fishes. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab Carcinus maenas ) changes in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) experienced during embryogenesis in brooding mothers from different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salinity conditions ex...
Climate change driven alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry are predicted to have signi... more Climate change driven alterations in salinity and carbonate chemistry are predicted to have significant implications particularly for northern costal organisms, including the economically important filter feeders Mytilus edulis and Ciona intestinalis. However, despite a growing number of studies investigating the biological effects of multiple environmental stressors, the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and reduced salinity remain comparatively understudied. Changes in metabolic costs associated with homeostasis and feeding/digestion in response to environmental stressors may reallocate energy from growth and reproduction, affecting performance. Although these energetic trade-offs in response to changes in routine metabolic rates have been well demonstrated fewer studies have investigated how these are affected by changes in feeding plasticity. Consequently, the present study investigated the combined effects of 26 days’ exposure to elevated pCO2 (500 µatm and 1000 µatm) and reduc...
Marine crabs inhabit shallow coastal/estuarine habitats particularly sensitive to climate change,... more Marine crabs inhabit shallow coastal/estuarine habitats particularly sensitive to climate change, and yet we know very little about the diversity of their responses to environmental change. We report the effects of a rarely studied, but increasingly prevalent, combination of environmental factors, that of near-future pCO (~1000 µatm) and a physiologically relevant 20% reduction in salinity. We focused on two crab species with differing abilities to cope with natural salinity change, and revealed via physiological and molecular studies that salinity had an overriding effect on ion exchange in the osmoregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas. This species was unaffected by elevated CO, and was able to hyper-osmoregulate and maintain haemolymph pH homeostasis for at least one year. By contrast, the commercially important edible crab, Cancer pagurus, an osmoconformer, had limited ion-transporting capacities, which were unresponsive to dilute seawater. Elevated CO disrupted haemolymph pH h...
... London: Kegan Paul. Jokumsen, A., Wells, RMG, Ellerton, HD &amp; Weber, RE (1981). ... Th... more ... London: Kegan Paul. Jokumsen, A., Wells, RMG, Ellerton, HD &amp; Weber, RE (1981). ... Thomas, RC (1989). Intracellular pH regulation and the effects of external acidification. In Acid toxicity and aquatic animals, ed. R. Morris, EW Taylor, DJA Brown &amp; JA Brown, pp. 113–24. ...
ABSTRACT Oxygen consumption (MO2) of submerged Homarus gammarus acclimated at 15°C was 16.3 ± 1.0... more ABSTRACT Oxygen consumption (MO2) of submerged Homarus gammarus acclimated at 15°C was 16.3 ± 1.0(5) μmol kg min. MO2 was reduced to very low levels (5.5 ± 0.7(5) μmol kg min) after an acute change in temperature from 15 to 10°C and was increased to 22.7 ± 2.0(5) μmol kg miafter an acute change from 15 to 20°C. During aerial exposure MO2 varied with temperature and time but was limited to
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