IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure fo... more IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure food security. Climate change affects the sustainability of crops in cropping sequence. The application of crop sequence modelling to evaluate the sustainability of cropping sequences under projected climate is a less explored area.MethodsThe present work evaluated the impact of projected climate on six cropping sequences viz., rice-mustard-groundnut, rice-lentil-groundnut, rice-potato-groundnut, rice-wheat-groundnut, rice-maize-groundnut and rice-mustard-fallow in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India. CMIP-5 multi-model ensemble, long-term crop sequence modelling using DSSAT and a multiple criteria decision analysis tool, TOPSIS was used to evaluate sustainability. Future climate scenarios were developed using 29 GCMs from which a subset of 5 representative GCMs was selected for mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2070-99) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Weighted average ens...
William Wordsworth's 'Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798)' and Sumitrandan Pant's &... more William Wordsworth's 'Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798)' and Sumitrandan Pant's 'Pallav Pravesh (1926)' are considered to be milestones in English and Hindi literatures respectively. While Wordsworth, in collaboration with Coleridge, broke away from the preceding trends and propounded new theories of poetry and poetic diction, Pant made an in-depth analysis of the poetic tendencies of his established predecessors and argued for similarity between the language of common speech and that of poetry. Both the poets defined the function and purpose of poetry in their own way and received criticism and appreciation from the critics and anthologists. While Wordsworth is remembered as the propounder of 'Romanticism' in World Literature, Pant is considered to be a leading exponent of the 'Hindi Chhayavad', to give new directions to 'Hindi Kavita and Hindi Alochana'. This paper aims at an overview of what necessitated the writing of these relativ...
An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadi... more An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal to study the radiation pattern and its balance over green gram (Vignaradiata var. Samrat). The BREB method was used to determine the sensible heat flux and latent energy. The net radiation was measured through net radiometer and the ground heat flux was measured using Fourier's law. Both the diurnal and seasonal variation of net radiation were studied. Similarly, the energy balance components were studied regularly for different crop growth stages as well as on diurnal basis. It is observed that the net radiation varies from 6.32 Wm-2 to 606.43 Wm-2. The latent heat flux constitutes more than 50% of the net radiation for all growth stages as depicted by energy balance partitioning. The sensible heat flux is partitioned into 10% to 20% of total net radiation throughout the growth stages of green gram, which is the lowest in magnitude among all three energy fluxes. The r...
Cropping intensification is a solution to ensure global food security amid the threats of climate... more Cropping intensification is a solution to ensure global food security amid the threats of climate change and variability. Crop models are used extensively to evaluate the performance of single crop for a particular year under future climate. However, very few literatures are available on the application of crop models to evaluate intensive cropping systems. The study attempts to address this issue by evaluating the impact of projected climate derived from 29 GCMs during four future scenarios (mid and end-century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) on the performance of rice–wheat-groundnut cropping sequence in Mohanpur, India, using the sequence analysis module of DSSAT. A marked reduction in crop duration was simulated for rice (4 to 17 days) and wheat (1 to 16 days) during all four future scenarios. On the contrary, the duration of groundnut increased by 1–4 days. Under elevated CO2 concentration, an increase in biomass was simulated for all three crops. During future periods under elevated CO2, the yield of rice tends to increase under all the future scenarios whereas wheat and groundnut could decrease the magnitude of yield reduction due to an increase in temperature. Rice was benefited due to the carry-over effect of residue from preceding groundnut and, hence, could sustain the yield on the long-term. The uncertainty in simulation due to the selection of GCMs was also quantified. The study provided a better understanding on how a cropping sequence responds to projected climate rather than a single crop in a sequence, which can be used to develop better adaptation strategies.
A field experiment was conducted during the post-monsoon season for two consecutive years 2005-06... more A field experiment was conducted during the post-monsoon season for two consecutive years 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of date of sowing and irrigation regime on yield and water use in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The results revealed that 1st date of sowing (20 November) recorded the maximum seed yield (1474.24 and 1442.58 kg ha-1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) as well as plant height and dry matter accumulation. The daily moisture use rate of chickpea during early vegetative stage was slightly higher with earlier sowing as compared to that of late sowing in both the experimental years. But during reproductive stage i. e. after flowering, late sown crop recorded higher moisture use. But the overall consumptive use was higher under late sown condition. Application of two irrigations at branching and pod formation resulted in higher seed yield, whereas the consumptive use was higher when the irrigation was applied at branching and flower initiation. Total moistur...
In order to develop weather-based yield prediction models for rice and grass pea in coastal salin... more In order to develop weather-based yield prediction models for rice and grass pea in coastal saline zone of West Bengal, the experiments were conducted with rice (cv. CR 1017) and grass pea (cv. Bio L 212) in the rainy and winter seasons, respectively of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Rice was sown in nursery bed on six different dates starting from June 15 to July 19 at weekly interval in both rainy seasons in two different land situations viz. medium upland and medium lowland. Likewise, grass pea was sown on six different dates just before harvesting of rice. It was observed that both early sown rice and grass pea resulted in higher grain yield and took more time to mature under medium lowland situation irrespective of sowing dates. Correlation study revealed that air temperature during sowing to transplanting phase exhibited significant positive correlation with grain of rice in medium upland (Tmax = 0.76**, Tmin = 0.69*) and medium lowland (Tmax = 0.93**, Tmin = 0.81**) situations. On the ...
Application of satellite based remote sensing in agriculture has reached a new level with introdu... more Application of satellite based remote sensing in agriculture has reached a new level with introduction of medium to high resolution earth observation satellites like Landsat series, SPOT, Sentinel-2, etc. This study assesses the cropping system and the spatio-temporal variability of crops and fallow land particularly during the post-monsoon season, at the Gosaba island of Indian Sundarbans using multi-dated Sentinel-2 data. Sentinel-2 data offers 10-20 m spatial resolution, 5-day revisit frequency, global coverage and compatibility to the Landsat missions and provides new opportunities for regional to global agriculture monitoring. Monitoring of crop conditions, soil properties and mapping tillage activities help to assess land use, predict harvests, monitor seasonal changes and assist in implementing policy for sustainable development. Indian Sundarbans is considered to be one of the most endangered regions in the world from climatological and biodiversity view point. The low cropping intensity of Sundarbans forces the people to unscientifically explore forest resources leading to degradation of natural biodiversity. Cropping system intensification is a promising and sustainable approach to support the livelihood of the people and to save the biodiversity of Sundarbans region. In this study, multi-dated Sentinel-2 data were classified by following supervised classification to generate thematic map for determination of the spatiotemporal variability of cropped and fallow land during the period of November, 2017 to March, 2018. The overall accuracy of the study was 72 to 85%. The periodical ground observations revealed five predominant cropping systems viz. rice-fallow, rice-fallow-rice, rice-grass pea-fallow, rice-fallow-chilli, rice-fallow-green gram in the area. Temporal profile of reflectance was generated for each cropping system using the multi-spectral response of crop surfaces in Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) bands. Temporal profile of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Visible Atmospheric Resistant Index (VARI) were generated to determine the crop duration. NDVI reached its maximum during the peak growth stages of each crop. The present research is helpful to have a complete understanding of the in-season temporal changes in land use and land cover using Sentinel-2 imageries. (
The present study was conducted to analyze cropping intensity of four blocks (Mogra-Chinsurah, Po... more The present study was conducted to analyze cropping intensity of four blocks (Mogra-Chinsurah, Polba-Dadpur, Singur and Haripal) of the Gangetic alluvial zone of India using multi-dated Sentinel-2 data in 2018–19 cropping year. It was observed that during peak growing stage all crops ascribed higher Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI values (0.4 to 0.73) and NDVI became as low as 0.06 when the fields were vacant. Sentinel-2 data acquired in the peak crop growing period during each cropping season were carefully selected, and NDVI was computed over the whole study area. Rule-based classification was applied for cropping sequence and cropping intensity classification based on the occurrence and non-occurrence of crops using NDVI threshold (0.4). Sentinel-2 images acquired on 22/10/2018, 6/12/2018, 30/1/2019 and 30/4/2019 were used for masking of trees and non-agricultural area. October 22, January 30 and April 30 imageries demonstrated peak crop growing period during kharif, ...
This study evaluates the impact of improved agricultural technologies that were introduced in sel... more This study evaluates the impact of improved agricultural technologies that were introduced in selected areas of coastal West Bengal (India) during 2016-2018 to demonstrate their ability to improve the agricultural, social and economic status of farming communities in the study region. The study employed participatory innovation tree (PIT) exercise followed by a questionnaire survey at Rangabelia and Jatirampur villages under Rangabelia gram panchayat, Gosaba Community Development Block of South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. The demonstrated technologies were: Tech. 1, introduction of post-monsoon relay crop lathyrus in medium-up and medium-lowland by adjusting date of sowing of rice varieties; Tech. 2, water saving options (drip irrigation + straw mulch) in high value post-monsoon crop tomato, and Tech. 3, zero tillage and mulching techniques for different potato cultivars. Eighteen impact indicators (II) were identified by PIT exercises on all three technologies and included in an interview schedule. Analyzed data revealed that amongst the eighteen IIs, better yield (II-8) had the highest sensitivity towards adoption of Tech. 1. Less water requirement (II-2) showed highest sensitivity for the adoption of Tech. 2. Both the above-mentioned indicators were equally sensitive for the adoption of Tech. 3. All three technologies mostly reduced the fertilizer application, increased the system productivity, net return and benefit: cost ratio over farmers' conventional practices. Although all three technologies demonstrated almost equal values of sustainable yield index (SYI), based on lowest standard deviation (σ) of respective yield values, the Tech. 1 could be considered as most sustainable in the study location.
In the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta, water shortages due to soil salinity limit the yield of ... more In the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta, water shortages due to soil salinity limit the yield of dry season crops. To alleviate water shortage as a consequence of salinity stress in the coastal saline ecosystem, the effect of different water-saving (WS) and water-conserving options was assessed on growth, yield and water use of tomato; two field experiments were carried out at Gosaba, West Bengal, India in consecutive seasons during the winter of 2016–17 and 2017–18. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five treatments viz., surface irrigation, surface irrigation + straw mulching, drip irrigation at 100% reference evapotranspiration (ET0), drip irrigation at 80% ET0, drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching. Application of drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching brought about significantly the highest fruit as well as the marketable yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The soil reaction (pH), post-harvest organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and...
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2021
The research portrays the fate of a new herbicide mixture of fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl. The ... more The research portrays the fate of a new herbicide mixture of fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl. The soil samples viz. red lateritic soil (A), coastal saline soil (B) and black soil (C) were fortified separately for fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl at 0.5 (T1) and 1.0 mg kg−1 (T2) doses and incubated at 20, 30 and 40°C. A satisfactory mean recovery, precision and linearity proved that the methods were accurate. Both the herbicides followed first + first order kinetics. Higher persistence of fomesafen was observed in Soil C than Soil B and Soil A with 22.38–53.75 days half-life, whereas quizalofop-ethyl showed higher stability in Soil A than Soils B and C with half-life of 0.93–12.07 days. Both compounds showed faster rates of dissipation at increased temperature, irrespective of soil type. The current study will help to predict the effect of temperature on the dissipation of herbicides in different soil under real field scenario.
... The green plant in India is used in soups, salads and chutneys (Ilyas, 19803. Ilyas, M. 1980.... more ... The green plant in India is used in soups, salads and chutneys (Ilyas, 19803. Ilyas, M. 1980. ... A few studies have been carried out by several researchers on the response of coriander (Mehta et al., 19967. Mehta, KG, Patel, PG, Ughereha, PP and Edison, S. 1996. ...
IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure fo... more IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure food security. Climate change affects the sustainability of crops in cropping sequence. The application of crop sequence modelling to evaluate the sustainability of cropping sequences under projected climate is a less explored area.MethodsThe present work evaluated the impact of projected climate on six cropping sequences viz., rice-mustard-groundnut, rice-lentil-groundnut, rice-potato-groundnut, rice-wheat-groundnut, rice-maize-groundnut and rice-mustard-fallow in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India. CMIP-5 multi-model ensemble, long-term crop sequence modelling using DSSAT and a multiple criteria decision analysis tool, TOPSIS was used to evaluate sustainability. Future climate scenarios were developed using 29 GCMs from which a subset of 5 representative GCMs was selected for mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2070-99) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Weighted average ens...
William Wordsworth's 'Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798)' and Sumitrandan Pant's &... more William Wordsworth's 'Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798)' and Sumitrandan Pant's 'Pallav Pravesh (1926)' are considered to be milestones in English and Hindi literatures respectively. While Wordsworth, in collaboration with Coleridge, broke away from the preceding trends and propounded new theories of poetry and poetic diction, Pant made an in-depth analysis of the poetic tendencies of his established predecessors and argued for similarity between the language of common speech and that of poetry. Both the poets defined the function and purpose of poetry in their own way and received criticism and appreciation from the critics and anthologists. While Wordsworth is remembered as the propounder of 'Romanticism' in World Literature, Pant is considered to be a leading exponent of the 'Hindi Chhayavad', to give new directions to 'Hindi Kavita and Hindi Alochana'. This paper aims at an overview of what necessitated the writing of these relativ...
An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadi... more An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal to study the radiation pattern and its balance over green gram (Vignaradiata var. Samrat). The BREB method was used to determine the sensible heat flux and latent energy. The net radiation was measured through net radiometer and the ground heat flux was measured using Fourier's law. Both the diurnal and seasonal variation of net radiation were studied. Similarly, the energy balance components were studied regularly for different crop growth stages as well as on diurnal basis. It is observed that the net radiation varies from 6.32 Wm-2 to 606.43 Wm-2. The latent heat flux constitutes more than 50% of the net radiation for all growth stages as depicted by energy balance partitioning. The sensible heat flux is partitioned into 10% to 20% of total net radiation throughout the growth stages of green gram, which is the lowest in magnitude among all three energy fluxes. The r...
Cropping intensification is a solution to ensure global food security amid the threats of climate... more Cropping intensification is a solution to ensure global food security amid the threats of climate change and variability. Crop models are used extensively to evaluate the performance of single crop for a particular year under future climate. However, very few literatures are available on the application of crop models to evaluate intensive cropping systems. The study attempts to address this issue by evaluating the impact of projected climate derived from 29 GCMs during four future scenarios (mid and end-century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) on the performance of rice–wheat-groundnut cropping sequence in Mohanpur, India, using the sequence analysis module of DSSAT. A marked reduction in crop duration was simulated for rice (4 to 17 days) and wheat (1 to 16 days) during all four future scenarios. On the contrary, the duration of groundnut increased by 1–4 days. Under elevated CO2 concentration, an increase in biomass was simulated for all three crops. During future periods under elevated CO2, the yield of rice tends to increase under all the future scenarios whereas wheat and groundnut could decrease the magnitude of yield reduction due to an increase in temperature. Rice was benefited due to the carry-over effect of residue from preceding groundnut and, hence, could sustain the yield on the long-term. The uncertainty in simulation due to the selection of GCMs was also quantified. The study provided a better understanding on how a cropping sequence responds to projected climate rather than a single crop in a sequence, which can be used to develop better adaptation strategies.
A field experiment was conducted during the post-monsoon season for two consecutive years 2005-06... more A field experiment was conducted during the post-monsoon season for two consecutive years 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of date of sowing and irrigation regime on yield and water use in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The results revealed that 1st date of sowing (20 November) recorded the maximum seed yield (1474.24 and 1442.58 kg ha-1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) as well as plant height and dry matter accumulation. The daily moisture use rate of chickpea during early vegetative stage was slightly higher with earlier sowing as compared to that of late sowing in both the experimental years. But during reproductive stage i. e. after flowering, late sown crop recorded higher moisture use. But the overall consumptive use was higher under late sown condition. Application of two irrigations at branching and pod formation resulted in higher seed yield, whereas the consumptive use was higher when the irrigation was applied at branching and flower initiation. Total moistur...
In order to develop weather-based yield prediction models for rice and grass pea in coastal salin... more In order to develop weather-based yield prediction models for rice and grass pea in coastal saline zone of West Bengal, the experiments were conducted with rice (cv. CR 1017) and grass pea (cv. Bio L 212) in the rainy and winter seasons, respectively of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Rice was sown in nursery bed on six different dates starting from June 15 to July 19 at weekly interval in both rainy seasons in two different land situations viz. medium upland and medium lowland. Likewise, grass pea was sown on six different dates just before harvesting of rice. It was observed that both early sown rice and grass pea resulted in higher grain yield and took more time to mature under medium lowland situation irrespective of sowing dates. Correlation study revealed that air temperature during sowing to transplanting phase exhibited significant positive correlation with grain of rice in medium upland (Tmax = 0.76**, Tmin = 0.69*) and medium lowland (Tmax = 0.93**, Tmin = 0.81**) situations. On the ...
Application of satellite based remote sensing in agriculture has reached a new level with introdu... more Application of satellite based remote sensing in agriculture has reached a new level with introduction of medium to high resolution earth observation satellites like Landsat series, SPOT, Sentinel-2, etc. This study assesses the cropping system and the spatio-temporal variability of crops and fallow land particularly during the post-monsoon season, at the Gosaba island of Indian Sundarbans using multi-dated Sentinel-2 data. Sentinel-2 data offers 10-20 m spatial resolution, 5-day revisit frequency, global coverage and compatibility to the Landsat missions and provides new opportunities for regional to global agriculture monitoring. Monitoring of crop conditions, soil properties and mapping tillage activities help to assess land use, predict harvests, monitor seasonal changes and assist in implementing policy for sustainable development. Indian Sundarbans is considered to be one of the most endangered regions in the world from climatological and biodiversity view point. The low cropping intensity of Sundarbans forces the people to unscientifically explore forest resources leading to degradation of natural biodiversity. Cropping system intensification is a promising and sustainable approach to support the livelihood of the people and to save the biodiversity of Sundarbans region. In this study, multi-dated Sentinel-2 data were classified by following supervised classification to generate thematic map for determination of the spatiotemporal variability of cropped and fallow land during the period of November, 2017 to March, 2018. The overall accuracy of the study was 72 to 85%. The periodical ground observations revealed five predominant cropping systems viz. rice-fallow, rice-fallow-rice, rice-grass pea-fallow, rice-fallow-chilli, rice-fallow-green gram in the area. Temporal profile of reflectance was generated for each cropping system using the multi-spectral response of crop surfaces in Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) bands. Temporal profile of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Visible Atmospheric Resistant Index (VARI) were generated to determine the crop duration. NDVI reached its maximum during the peak growth stages of each crop. The present research is helpful to have a complete understanding of the in-season temporal changes in land use and land cover using Sentinel-2 imageries. (
The present study was conducted to analyze cropping intensity of four blocks (Mogra-Chinsurah, Po... more The present study was conducted to analyze cropping intensity of four blocks (Mogra-Chinsurah, Polba-Dadpur, Singur and Haripal) of the Gangetic alluvial zone of India using multi-dated Sentinel-2 data in 2018–19 cropping year. It was observed that during peak growing stage all crops ascribed higher Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI values (0.4 to 0.73) and NDVI became as low as 0.06 when the fields were vacant. Sentinel-2 data acquired in the peak crop growing period during each cropping season were carefully selected, and NDVI was computed over the whole study area. Rule-based classification was applied for cropping sequence and cropping intensity classification based on the occurrence and non-occurrence of crops using NDVI threshold (0.4). Sentinel-2 images acquired on 22/10/2018, 6/12/2018, 30/1/2019 and 30/4/2019 were used for masking of trees and non-agricultural area. October 22, January 30 and April 30 imageries demonstrated peak crop growing period during kharif, ...
This study evaluates the impact of improved agricultural technologies that were introduced in sel... more This study evaluates the impact of improved agricultural technologies that were introduced in selected areas of coastal West Bengal (India) during 2016-2018 to demonstrate their ability to improve the agricultural, social and economic status of farming communities in the study region. The study employed participatory innovation tree (PIT) exercise followed by a questionnaire survey at Rangabelia and Jatirampur villages under Rangabelia gram panchayat, Gosaba Community Development Block of South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. The demonstrated technologies were: Tech. 1, introduction of post-monsoon relay crop lathyrus in medium-up and medium-lowland by adjusting date of sowing of rice varieties; Tech. 2, water saving options (drip irrigation + straw mulch) in high value post-monsoon crop tomato, and Tech. 3, zero tillage and mulching techniques for different potato cultivars. Eighteen impact indicators (II) were identified by PIT exercises on all three technologies and included in an interview schedule. Analyzed data revealed that amongst the eighteen IIs, better yield (II-8) had the highest sensitivity towards adoption of Tech. 1. Less water requirement (II-2) showed highest sensitivity for the adoption of Tech. 2. Both the above-mentioned indicators were equally sensitive for the adoption of Tech. 3. All three technologies mostly reduced the fertilizer application, increased the system productivity, net return and benefit: cost ratio over farmers' conventional practices. Although all three technologies demonstrated almost equal values of sustainable yield index (SYI), based on lowest standard deviation (σ) of respective yield values, the Tech. 1 could be considered as most sustainable in the study location.
In the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta, water shortages due to soil salinity limit the yield of ... more In the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta, water shortages due to soil salinity limit the yield of dry season crops. To alleviate water shortage as a consequence of salinity stress in the coastal saline ecosystem, the effect of different water-saving (WS) and water-conserving options was assessed on growth, yield and water use of tomato; two field experiments were carried out at Gosaba, West Bengal, India in consecutive seasons during the winter of 2016–17 and 2017–18. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five treatments viz., surface irrigation, surface irrigation + straw mulching, drip irrigation at 100% reference evapotranspiration (ET0), drip irrigation at 80% ET0, drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching. Application of drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching brought about significantly the highest fruit as well as the marketable yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The soil reaction (pH), post-harvest organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and...
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2021
The research portrays the fate of a new herbicide mixture of fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl. The ... more The research portrays the fate of a new herbicide mixture of fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl. The soil samples viz. red lateritic soil (A), coastal saline soil (B) and black soil (C) were fortified separately for fomesafen and quizalofop-ethyl at 0.5 (T1) and 1.0 mg kg−1 (T2) doses and incubated at 20, 30 and 40°C. A satisfactory mean recovery, precision and linearity proved that the methods were accurate. Both the herbicides followed first + first order kinetics. Higher persistence of fomesafen was observed in Soil C than Soil B and Soil A with 22.38–53.75 days half-life, whereas quizalofop-ethyl showed higher stability in Soil A than Soils B and C with half-life of 0.93–12.07 days. Both compounds showed faster rates of dissipation at increased temperature, irrespective of soil type. The current study will help to predict the effect of temperature on the dissipation of herbicides in different soil under real field scenario.
... The green plant in India is used in soups, salads and chutneys (Ilyas, 19803. Ilyas, M. 1980.... more ... The green plant in India is used in soups, salads and chutneys (Ilyas, 19803. Ilyas, M. 1980. ... A few studies have been carried out by several researchers on the response of coriander (Mehta et al., 19967. Mehta, KG, Patel, PG, Ughereha, PP and Edison, S. 1996. ...
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