L'equation proposee est utilisee avec la diffraction X. Elle donne de maniere satisfaisante l... more L'equation proposee est utilisee avec la diffraction X. Elle donne de maniere satisfaisante les teneurs de zircone monoclinique et quadratique dans un melange
Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance This ite... more Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance This item was submitted to Loughborough University’s Institutional Repository by the/an author.
Types d'indentation. Formation des fissures. Developpement d'un modele pour la mesure de ... more Types d'indentation. Formation des fissures. Developpement d'un modele pour la mesure de la tenacite par indentation. Description d'une technique de remplacement
Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 1997
Slip casting is a simple, low-cost, ceramic manufacturing process that is widely used for the pro... more Slip casting is a simple, low-cost, ceramic manufacturing process that is widely used for the production of engineering components. However, it suffers from being relatively slow. Raising the slip temperature during slip casting is known to increase the casting rate, possibly by causing a decrease in slip viscosity and by affecting the state of dispersion of the slip. The current work examines the potential for using microwave energy to achieve accelerated slip casting of aluminium oxide based slips and attempts to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. It was found that increasing the slip casting temperature results in an acceleration of the casting rate and that the use of microwave energy causes a greater degree of acceleration than convectional heating. In addition, measurements indicate that the rate of water movement through the plaster of paris mould is increased more than the rate of water uptake by the mould, particularly during the microwave-accelerated casting process....
Microwave heating has been studied since the early 1950's and is an established process techn... more Microwave heating has been studied since the early 1950's and is an established process technique in the food and rubber industries. Over the past few years however, there has been an upsurge of interest in the possible application of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the processing of ceramic materials. This interest is associated both with the possibility of obtaining economic benefit, via faster processing times and improved yields amongst other factors, and with the potential for attaining enhanced material properties. In some cases, the use of microwave energy may offer the opportunity to develop materials not available by other processing routes.
Cost effective and fast ultra-high-temperature testing methods such as oxyacetylene torch testing... more Cost effective and fast ultra-high-temperature testing methods such as oxyacetylene torch testing are extremely useful for the rapid screening of ultra-high-temperature ceramic (UHTC) materials for hypersonic applications. There is no report in the literature, however, of an organised study to measure the heat flux and how it varies with gas flow rate, gas flow ratio and distance from the nozzle tip for an oxyacetylene flame. In this paper, the authors report for the first time the heat flux mapping of an oxidising, neutral and reducing flame. The measured heat flux was as high as ∼17 MW m−2 at a distance of 10 mm from the nozzle, which is much higher than that previously reported in the literature. Torch testing was carried out for Cf-HfB2 UHTC composites at this heat flux and the results are presented along with detailed microstructural characterisation.
ABSTRACTThe use of microwave frequency radiation as an alternative energy source for processing m... more ABSTRACTThe use of microwave frequency radiation as an alternative energy source for processing materials is currently receiving considerable worldwide attention. The ability of a material to extract energy from the microwave field depends upon its dielectric properties, however these change as the material heats. There is, therefore, a need for obtaining measurements of the microwave dielectric properties at elevated temperatures. This paper outlines some of the current work on high temperature dielectric measurements which is in progress at the University of Nottingham as part of the Materials and Microwave Processing Group initiative and some results on engineering ceramics are presented.
A new software package is described for 2-Dimensional modelling of microwave heating. It is parti... more A new software package is described for 2-Dimensional modelling of microwave heating. It is particularly suited to the high temperature heating of ceramics, where electrical and thermal properties are strongly dependent on temperature. The described program, x_tlm, runs under Xwindows, which allows a microwave cavity and its contents to be entered graphically and stored as a schematic diagram. The diagram is automatically converted into a mesh format for simulation using a topology independent Transmission Line Modelling formulation. Temperature dependencies of material properties are specified as polynomial functions of temperature. Surface heat loss by the radiation mechanism, which dominates at higher temperatures, is also introduced into the model.
The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the melt tex... more The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the melt texturing of bulk, ceramic high- YBCO superconductors has been investigated with a view to taking advantage of the opportunities presented by this novel heating technique. T-shaped samples of 83% dense, sintered YBCO were melt processed, both conventionally and using microwave energy, whilst suspended within two different casketing arrangements. Samples consisting of densely packed, long grains all aligned with the axis of the sample could be obtained under the best conditions. In addition, completely uniform and full oxygen contents (x = 7 in ) could be obtained throughout all the microwave-processed samples when the melt processing temperature was kept in the range . However, on the negative side, this appeared to limit the maximum density to 94% of theoretical unless a slight drop in x to 6.98 could be tolerated. The higher processing temperatures, which yielded the best microstructures, also resulted in 5-8% of the 211 phase being present.
The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the sinterin... more The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the sintering and annealing of bulk, ceramic high-0953-2048/11/5/002/img2 YBCO superconductors has been investigated with a view to taking advantage of the opportunities presented by this novel heating technique. Microwave heating has been found to offer the possibility of sintering `from the inside out' due to the nature of the temperature profile developed. As a result, ceramic YBCO bodies measuring 35 mm in diameter by 5 mm thick have been produced with completely uniform and high oxygen content (x = 7 in 0953-2048/11/5/002/img3) and densities up to 98% of theoretical. These properties were achieved using total processing times approximately one sixth of those required conventionally. A model for the microwave heating process is proposed.
It is well established that with advanced ceramic powders the use of dispersed slips can result i... more It is well established that with advanced ceramic powders the use of dispersed slips can result in superior microstructures compared to those obtained from partially or fully flocculated slips but at the cost of a significantly slower casting rate. Recent published research has also indicated that bodies produced from coagulated slips have similar properties to those from dispersed slips due
The development of second phase zirconia precipitates in a beta‐alumina matrix has been achieved ... more The development of second phase zirconia precipitates in a beta‐alumina matrix has been achieved using chemical reactions which occur during the firing process. The degree of success of each of several fabrication routes has been evaluated by use of toughness measurements and electron microscopy techniques. Approximately half of the routes yielded ∼90% retention of tetragonal zirconia, resulting in an approximate doubling of the Mode 1 critical stress intensity factor (K1c).
Reaction rates observed during the microwave synthesis of titanium carbide powder via the carboth... more Reaction rates observed during the microwave synthesis of titanium carbide powder via the carbothermal reduction of the oxide are more than three times faster than those observed during conventional processing at the same temperature. Although not dissimilar to other reports of “microwave effects” in the literature, this result is of interest because the microwave heating mechanism is quite different compared
L'equation proposee est utilisee avec la diffraction X. Elle donne de maniere satisfaisante l... more L'equation proposee est utilisee avec la diffraction X. Elle donne de maniere satisfaisante les teneurs de zircone monoclinique et quadratique dans un melange
Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance This ite... more Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance This item was submitted to Loughborough University’s Institutional Repository by the/an author.
Types d'indentation. Formation des fissures. Developpement d'un modele pour la mesure de ... more Types d'indentation. Formation des fissures. Developpement d'un modele pour la mesure de la tenacite par indentation. Description d'une technique de remplacement
Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 1997
Slip casting is a simple, low-cost, ceramic manufacturing process that is widely used for the pro... more Slip casting is a simple, low-cost, ceramic manufacturing process that is widely used for the production of engineering components. However, it suffers from being relatively slow. Raising the slip temperature during slip casting is known to increase the casting rate, possibly by causing a decrease in slip viscosity and by affecting the state of dispersion of the slip. The current work examines the potential for using microwave energy to achieve accelerated slip casting of aluminium oxide based slips and attempts to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. It was found that increasing the slip casting temperature results in an acceleration of the casting rate and that the use of microwave energy causes a greater degree of acceleration than convectional heating. In addition, measurements indicate that the rate of water movement through the plaster of paris mould is increased more than the rate of water uptake by the mould, particularly during the microwave-accelerated casting process....
Microwave heating has been studied since the early 1950's and is an established process techn... more Microwave heating has been studied since the early 1950's and is an established process technique in the food and rubber industries. Over the past few years however, there has been an upsurge of interest in the possible application of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the processing of ceramic materials. This interest is associated both with the possibility of obtaining economic benefit, via faster processing times and improved yields amongst other factors, and with the potential for attaining enhanced material properties. In some cases, the use of microwave energy may offer the opportunity to develop materials not available by other processing routes.
Cost effective and fast ultra-high-temperature testing methods such as oxyacetylene torch testing... more Cost effective and fast ultra-high-temperature testing methods such as oxyacetylene torch testing are extremely useful for the rapid screening of ultra-high-temperature ceramic (UHTC) materials for hypersonic applications. There is no report in the literature, however, of an organised study to measure the heat flux and how it varies with gas flow rate, gas flow ratio and distance from the nozzle tip for an oxyacetylene flame. In this paper, the authors report for the first time the heat flux mapping of an oxidising, neutral and reducing flame. The measured heat flux was as high as ∼17 MW m−2 at a distance of 10 mm from the nozzle, which is much higher than that previously reported in the literature. Torch testing was carried out for Cf-HfB2 UHTC composites at this heat flux and the results are presented along with detailed microstructural characterisation.
ABSTRACTThe use of microwave frequency radiation as an alternative energy source for processing m... more ABSTRACTThe use of microwave frequency radiation as an alternative energy source for processing materials is currently receiving considerable worldwide attention. The ability of a material to extract energy from the microwave field depends upon its dielectric properties, however these change as the material heats. There is, therefore, a need for obtaining measurements of the microwave dielectric properties at elevated temperatures. This paper outlines some of the current work on high temperature dielectric measurements which is in progress at the University of Nottingham as part of the Materials and Microwave Processing Group initiative and some results on engineering ceramics are presented.
A new software package is described for 2-Dimensional modelling of microwave heating. It is parti... more A new software package is described for 2-Dimensional modelling of microwave heating. It is particularly suited to the high temperature heating of ceramics, where electrical and thermal properties are strongly dependent on temperature. The described program, x_tlm, runs under Xwindows, which allows a microwave cavity and its contents to be entered graphically and stored as a schematic diagram. The diagram is automatically converted into a mesh format for simulation using a topology independent Transmission Line Modelling formulation. Temperature dependencies of material properties are specified as polynomial functions of temperature. Surface heat loss by the radiation mechanism, which dominates at higher temperatures, is also introduced into the model.
The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the melt tex... more The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the melt texturing of bulk, ceramic high- YBCO superconductors has been investigated with a view to taking advantage of the opportunities presented by this novel heating technique. T-shaped samples of 83% dense, sintered YBCO were melt processed, both conventionally and using microwave energy, whilst suspended within two different casketing arrangements. Samples consisting of densely packed, long grains all aligned with the axis of the sample could be obtained under the best conditions. In addition, completely uniform and full oxygen contents (x = 7 in ) could be obtained throughout all the microwave-processed samples when the melt processing temperature was kept in the range . However, on the negative side, this appeared to limit the maximum density to 94% of theoretical unless a slight drop in x to 6.98 could be tolerated. The higher processing temperatures, which yielded the best microstructures, also resulted in 5-8% of the 211 phase being present.
The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the sinterin... more The potential for the use of microwave radiation as an alternative energy source for the sintering and annealing of bulk, ceramic high-0953-2048/11/5/002/img2 YBCO superconductors has been investigated with a view to taking advantage of the opportunities presented by this novel heating technique. Microwave heating has been found to offer the possibility of sintering `from the inside out' due to the nature of the temperature profile developed. As a result, ceramic YBCO bodies measuring 35 mm in diameter by 5 mm thick have been produced with completely uniform and high oxygen content (x = 7 in 0953-2048/11/5/002/img3) and densities up to 98% of theoretical. These properties were achieved using total processing times approximately one sixth of those required conventionally. A model for the microwave heating process is proposed.
It is well established that with advanced ceramic powders the use of dispersed slips can result i... more It is well established that with advanced ceramic powders the use of dispersed slips can result in superior microstructures compared to those obtained from partially or fully flocculated slips but at the cost of a significantly slower casting rate. Recent published research has also indicated that bodies produced from coagulated slips have similar properties to those from dispersed slips due
The development of second phase zirconia precipitates in a beta‐alumina matrix has been achieved ... more The development of second phase zirconia precipitates in a beta‐alumina matrix has been achieved using chemical reactions which occur during the firing process. The degree of success of each of several fabrication routes has been evaluated by use of toughness measurements and electron microscopy techniques. Approximately half of the routes yielded ∼90% retention of tetragonal zirconia, resulting in an approximate doubling of the Mode 1 critical stress intensity factor (K1c).
Reaction rates observed during the microwave synthesis of titanium carbide powder via the carboth... more Reaction rates observed during the microwave synthesis of titanium carbide powder via the carbothermal reduction of the oxide are more than three times faster than those observed during conventional processing at the same temperature. Although not dissimilar to other reports of “microwave effects” in the literature, this result is of interest because the microwave heating mechanism is quite different compared
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