General economist and statistician with wide-ranging experience analysing economic, political and socio-ecological correlations. Results-based researcher and project manager with a strong professional background in international projects and intercultural teams.
Spatial and Socio-Economic Drivers of Direct and Indirect Household Consumption in Austria An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints - An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints, 2020
An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints
Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a ... more An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints
Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a growing proportion of production related CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) takes place in countries which are not the final consumers of these products. The current system of emissions monitoring, however, is production-based, meaning that measuring emissions at national level are territorial oriented and therefore do not take any outsourcing of emission-intensive production into account. Environmental consequences of the resulting increased international trade are quite relevant for climate change policy, hence putting the focus on embedded CO2 emissions of final consumption can give new insights.
This thesis is a case study on Austria, analysing the differences between the current production-based approach of CO2 emissions accounting and a consumption-based one. For Austria, a small, relatively trade open economy, several studies suggest that consumption-based CO2 emissions (or the "Carbon Footprint") are 50-60 % above the production-related (territorial) emissions. A comprehensive assessment of decarbonisation efforts of the Austrian economy therefore needs to include consumption-based emissions. Households are the dominant driver of consumption, hence focus in this paper is put on the household sector alone. As several previous studies suggest that rebound effects due to several reasons of everyday-life and lifestyle exist in areas with higher population density, this paper put special attention on Vienna and compares this metropolitan area with Austria as a whole.
This paper looks at the classical growth theory of Arthur W. Lewis with its premise of the existe... more This paper looks at the classical growth theory of Arthur W. Lewis with its premise of the existence of an unlimited supply of labour and examines its applicability on the example of China’s economic progress since the late 1970’s. According to neoclassical growth theory, factors of production are not only scarce but also mobile so that factor movements equalize rates of returns across regions. However, empirical evidence shows that the People's Republic of China lacks effective capital and labour markets with the result of restricted factor mobility. Above all, the country also seems to have a huge pool of labour over-supply mainly in the agricultural sector. The core of the model applied lies in the observation that wage levels of unskilled labour in the modern industrial sector remain by and large unchanged for a considerable period of time due to over-supply of labour before reaching a certain point and rising rapidly thereafter. This paper tries to capture China’s economic progress both in the past and near future by trying to identify this said turning point.
Am Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit stand das Interesse an der Entwicklung der ostasiatischen Volkswir... more Am Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit stand das Interesse an der Entwicklung der ostasiatischen Volkswirtschaften, die von vielen Seiten als ein Wunder bezeichnet wird. Für viele Jahre waren die Länder der Ost- und Südostasiatischen Region, die am schnellsten wachsenden der Welt. Eine Erklärung für diesen wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg bildete deren aktive Partizipation in der globalisierten Weltwirtschaft, die ihnen die Möglichkeit brachte durch den vermehrten internationalen Handel Zugang zu neuen Technologien und ausländischem Kapital zu erhalten. Dieselben Faktoren führten aber auch zum Ausbruch einer Krise, die in der zweiten Hälfte 1997 ihren Anfang in Thailand nahm und bald den gesamten Erdball erfasste. Zur Lösung dieser Krise wurde in vielen Fällen der Internationale Währungsfond (IWF) um Hilfe gebeten, der mit seinem Politikansatz aber auf harsche Kritik fiel. In der vorliegenden Arbeit versuche ich die, dieser Kritiken zugrundeliegenden, Aspekte zu erfassen und deren Richtigkeit zu überprüfen. Nachdem seit Ausbruch der Krise bereits mehr als zehn Jahre vergangen sind, kann man bereits erkennen welche Auswirkungen die verschieden Politikansätze hatten. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Faktoren die zur Krise führten, gehe ich im speziellen auf drei Länder ein. Dies sind Thailand (wo die Krise ausbrach), die Republik Südkorea (als das am weitesten fortgeschrittene Land was von der Krise betroffen war) und Malaysia, das bei Ausbruch der Krise nicht zum IWF ging, sondern seine eigene Politik verfolgte. In den letzten Kapiteln werden die empirischen Ergebnisse, die kurz nach der Krise gemacht wurden, zusammengefasst und schließlich mit Daten zehn Jahre danach verglichen. Besonders zum letzteren Aspekt gestalten sich Aussagen schwierig, da langfristig gesehen nicht nur die Maßnahmen, die der IWF anregte und von den einzelnen Ländern umgesetzt wurden (oder auch nicht, wie im Falle Malaysia) zu einer Erholung der wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Grundlage führten, sondern auch die weltwirtschaftliche Lage an sich mitspielte.
In a model by Krugman (1991a) it is argued that three main trading blocks is the worst scenario f... more In a model by Krugman (1991a) it is argued that three main trading blocks is the worst scenario for the world economy. It deals with special cases of differing transport costs arguing that trade will just occur inside “continents”. In my paper I follow the increase of regional trade agreements and look at the theoretical background of potential Pareto efficient equilibriums resulting from international trade. I will use a model set up by Feenstra (2007) showing that such an equilibrium is indeed possible. Because this model is general kept I will then turn to a more specific model by Ludema (1998) based on Krugman and Helpman (1985) including the trade off between transportation cost and increasing returns to scale in production firms are facing.
Ausgehend von meiner Proseminararbeit aus dem Wintersemesters 2007 über die intellektuellen Eigen... more Ausgehend von meiner Proseminararbeit aus dem Wintersemesters 2007 über die intellektuellen Eigentumsrechte und die sich daraus ergebenden Probleme einer effizienten Verteilung von Medikamenten, behandelt die vorliegende Arbeit den Global Fund To Fight Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln wird auf seine Geschichte eingegangen, sowie auf seine Stellung innerhalb anderer internationaler Institutionen zur Bekämpfung von Krankheiten. Da der Fonds mit seinem Gründungsjahr 2001 eine relative kurze Geschichte hat, muss ich darauf hinweisen, dass viele der Daten die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegen noch nicht empirisch überprüft wurden und zu einem großen Teil aus Schätzungen und Hochrechnungen bestehen. Daher kann auch keine verbindliche Aussage über die Erfüllung oder Nichterfüllung der verfolgten Ziele des Fonds gegeben werden. Was aber gegeben werden kann, ist ein Überblick über seinen Aufbau und seine Funktionsweise, sowie eine vorläufige Schwächenanalyse, mit denen sich die Kapitel drei und vier beschäftigen. Im fünften, abschließenden Kapitel gehe ich der Frage nach ob es Sinn macht den Fonds auszuweiten und dadurch u.a. Anreize für die Entwicklung von HIV/Aids-Impfstoffen zu geben.
With the International Yearbook of Statistics, UNIDO provides an annual publication which present... more With the International Yearbook of Statistics, UNIDO provides an annual publication which presents statistical indicators to facilitate international comparisons, especially, of the manufacturing sector. As a broad definition, manufacturing is the “physical or chemical transformation of materials into new products,” regardless of the process (by machines or by hand), location (factory or home), or sale method (wholesale or retail). In the course of UNIDO’s standard procedure to adapt the price level base year of its time series every five years to reflect supply and demand side changes, data in the organization’s latest 22nd edition of the Yearbook was updated from prices of the year 2005 to the year 2010. This is necessary because national accounts aggregates need to be frequently rebased as a consequence of ongoing structural changes both on the production side of an economy as well as in relative prices of commodities and services over a period of time. Whereas changes of base years with a deflator – per se a Paasche price index – should not affect the relative weights of countries, the 22nd edition provided for some surprising changes in the global ranking of the most important manufacturing countries.
Spatial and Socio-Economic Drivers of Direct and Indirect Household Consumption in Austria An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints - An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints, 2020
An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints
Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a ... more An Income Based Approach to Carbon Footprints
Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a growing proportion of production related CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) takes place in countries which are not the final consumers of these products. The current system of emissions monitoring, however, is production-based, meaning that measuring emissions at national level are territorial oriented and therefore do not take any outsourcing of emission-intensive production into account. Environmental consequences of the resulting increased international trade are quite relevant for climate change policy, hence putting the focus on embedded CO2 emissions of final consumption can give new insights.
This thesis is a case study on Austria, analysing the differences between the current production-based approach of CO2 emissions accounting and a consumption-based one. For Austria, a small, relatively trade open economy, several studies suggest that consumption-based CO2 emissions (or the "Carbon Footprint") are 50-60 % above the production-related (territorial) emissions. A comprehensive assessment of decarbonisation efforts of the Austrian economy therefore needs to include consumption-based emissions. Households are the dominant driver of consumption, hence focus in this paper is put on the household sector alone. As several previous studies suggest that rebound effects due to several reasons of everyday-life and lifestyle exist in areas with higher population density, this paper put special attention on Vienna and compares this metropolitan area with Austria as a whole.
This paper looks at the classical growth theory of Arthur W. Lewis with its premise of the existe... more This paper looks at the classical growth theory of Arthur W. Lewis with its premise of the existence of an unlimited supply of labour and examines its applicability on the example of China’s economic progress since the late 1970’s. According to neoclassical growth theory, factors of production are not only scarce but also mobile so that factor movements equalize rates of returns across regions. However, empirical evidence shows that the People's Republic of China lacks effective capital and labour markets with the result of restricted factor mobility. Above all, the country also seems to have a huge pool of labour over-supply mainly in the agricultural sector. The core of the model applied lies in the observation that wage levels of unskilled labour in the modern industrial sector remain by and large unchanged for a considerable period of time due to over-supply of labour before reaching a certain point and rising rapidly thereafter. This paper tries to capture China’s economic progress both in the past and near future by trying to identify this said turning point.
Am Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit stand das Interesse an der Entwicklung der ostasiatischen Volkswir... more Am Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit stand das Interesse an der Entwicklung der ostasiatischen Volkswirtschaften, die von vielen Seiten als ein Wunder bezeichnet wird. Für viele Jahre waren die Länder der Ost- und Südostasiatischen Region, die am schnellsten wachsenden der Welt. Eine Erklärung für diesen wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg bildete deren aktive Partizipation in der globalisierten Weltwirtschaft, die ihnen die Möglichkeit brachte durch den vermehrten internationalen Handel Zugang zu neuen Technologien und ausländischem Kapital zu erhalten. Dieselben Faktoren führten aber auch zum Ausbruch einer Krise, die in der zweiten Hälfte 1997 ihren Anfang in Thailand nahm und bald den gesamten Erdball erfasste. Zur Lösung dieser Krise wurde in vielen Fällen der Internationale Währungsfond (IWF) um Hilfe gebeten, der mit seinem Politikansatz aber auf harsche Kritik fiel. In der vorliegenden Arbeit versuche ich die, dieser Kritiken zugrundeliegenden, Aspekte zu erfassen und deren Richtigkeit zu überprüfen. Nachdem seit Ausbruch der Krise bereits mehr als zehn Jahre vergangen sind, kann man bereits erkennen welche Auswirkungen die verschieden Politikansätze hatten. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Faktoren die zur Krise führten, gehe ich im speziellen auf drei Länder ein. Dies sind Thailand (wo die Krise ausbrach), die Republik Südkorea (als das am weitesten fortgeschrittene Land was von der Krise betroffen war) und Malaysia, das bei Ausbruch der Krise nicht zum IWF ging, sondern seine eigene Politik verfolgte. In den letzten Kapiteln werden die empirischen Ergebnisse, die kurz nach der Krise gemacht wurden, zusammengefasst und schließlich mit Daten zehn Jahre danach verglichen. Besonders zum letzteren Aspekt gestalten sich Aussagen schwierig, da langfristig gesehen nicht nur die Maßnahmen, die der IWF anregte und von den einzelnen Ländern umgesetzt wurden (oder auch nicht, wie im Falle Malaysia) zu einer Erholung der wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Grundlage führten, sondern auch die weltwirtschaftliche Lage an sich mitspielte.
In a model by Krugman (1991a) it is argued that three main trading blocks is the worst scenario f... more In a model by Krugman (1991a) it is argued that three main trading blocks is the worst scenario for the world economy. It deals with special cases of differing transport costs arguing that trade will just occur inside “continents”. In my paper I follow the increase of regional trade agreements and look at the theoretical background of potential Pareto efficient equilibriums resulting from international trade. I will use a model set up by Feenstra (2007) showing that such an equilibrium is indeed possible. Because this model is general kept I will then turn to a more specific model by Ludema (1998) based on Krugman and Helpman (1985) including the trade off between transportation cost and increasing returns to scale in production firms are facing.
Ausgehend von meiner Proseminararbeit aus dem Wintersemesters 2007 über die intellektuellen Eigen... more Ausgehend von meiner Proseminararbeit aus dem Wintersemesters 2007 über die intellektuellen Eigentumsrechte und die sich daraus ergebenden Probleme einer effizienten Verteilung von Medikamenten, behandelt die vorliegende Arbeit den Global Fund To Fight Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln wird auf seine Geschichte eingegangen, sowie auf seine Stellung innerhalb anderer internationaler Institutionen zur Bekämpfung von Krankheiten. Da der Fonds mit seinem Gründungsjahr 2001 eine relative kurze Geschichte hat, muss ich darauf hinweisen, dass viele der Daten die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegen noch nicht empirisch überprüft wurden und zu einem großen Teil aus Schätzungen und Hochrechnungen bestehen. Daher kann auch keine verbindliche Aussage über die Erfüllung oder Nichterfüllung der verfolgten Ziele des Fonds gegeben werden. Was aber gegeben werden kann, ist ein Überblick über seinen Aufbau und seine Funktionsweise, sowie eine vorläufige Schwächenanalyse, mit denen sich die Kapitel drei und vier beschäftigen. Im fünften, abschließenden Kapitel gehe ich der Frage nach ob es Sinn macht den Fonds auszuweiten und dadurch u.a. Anreize für die Entwicklung von HIV/Aids-Impfstoffen zu geben.
With the International Yearbook of Statistics, UNIDO provides an annual publication which present... more With the International Yearbook of Statistics, UNIDO provides an annual publication which presents statistical indicators to facilitate international comparisons, especially, of the manufacturing sector. As a broad definition, manufacturing is the “physical or chemical transformation of materials into new products,” regardless of the process (by machines or by hand), location (factory or home), or sale method (wholesale or retail). In the course of UNIDO’s standard procedure to adapt the price level base year of its time series every five years to reflect supply and demand side changes, data in the organization’s latest 22nd edition of the Yearbook was updated from prices of the year 2005 to the year 2010. This is necessary because national accounts aggregates need to be frequently rebased as a consequence of ongoing structural changes both on the production side of an economy as well as in relative prices of commodities and services over a period of time. Whereas changes of base years with a deflator – per se a Paasche price index – should not affect the relative weights of countries, the 22nd edition provided for some surprising changes in the global ranking of the most important manufacturing countries.
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Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a growing proportion of production related CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) takes place in countries which are not the final consumers of these products. The current system of emissions monitoring, however, is
production-based, meaning that measuring emissions at national level are territorial oriented and therefore do not take any outsourcing of emission-intensive production into account. Environmental consequences of the resulting increased international trade are quite relevant for climate change policy, hence putting the focus on embedded CO2 emissions of final consumption can give new insights.
This thesis is a case study on Austria, analysing the differences between the current production-based approach of CO2 emissions accounting and a consumption-based one. For Austria, a small, relatively trade open economy, several studies suggest that consumption-based CO2 emissions (or the "Carbon Footprint") are 50-60 % above the production-related (territorial) emissions. A comprehensive assessment of decarbonisation efforts of the Austrian economy therefore needs to include consumption-based emissions. Households are the dominant driver of consumption, hence focus in this paper is put on the household sector alone. As several previous studies suggest that rebound effects due to several reasons of everyday-life and lifestyle exist in areas with higher population density, this paper put special attention on Vienna and compares this metropolitan area with Austria as a whole.
empirical evidence shows that the People's Republic of China lacks effective capital and labour markets with the result of restricted factor mobility. Above all, the country also seems to have a huge pool of labour over-supply mainly in the agricultural sector. The core of the model applied lies in the observation that wage levels of
unskilled labour in the modern industrial sector remain by and large unchanged for a considerable period of time due to over-supply of labour before reaching a certain point and rising rapidly thereafter. This paper tries to capture China’s economic progress both in the past and near future by trying to identify this said turning point.
Whereas changes of base years with a deflator – per se a Paasche price index – should not affect the relative weights of countries, the 22nd edition provided for some surprising changes in the global ranking of the most important manufacturing countries.
Due to the increasing globalization of markets, a growing proportion of production related CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) takes place in countries which are not the final consumers of these products. The current system of emissions monitoring, however, is
production-based, meaning that measuring emissions at national level are territorial oriented and therefore do not take any outsourcing of emission-intensive production into account. Environmental consequences of the resulting increased international trade are quite relevant for climate change policy, hence putting the focus on embedded CO2 emissions of final consumption can give new insights.
This thesis is a case study on Austria, analysing the differences between the current production-based approach of CO2 emissions accounting and a consumption-based one. For Austria, a small, relatively trade open economy, several studies suggest that consumption-based CO2 emissions (or the "Carbon Footprint") are 50-60 % above the production-related (territorial) emissions. A comprehensive assessment of decarbonisation efforts of the Austrian economy therefore needs to include consumption-based emissions. Households are the dominant driver of consumption, hence focus in this paper is put on the household sector alone. As several previous studies suggest that rebound effects due to several reasons of everyday-life and lifestyle exist in areas with higher population density, this paper put special attention on Vienna and compares this metropolitan area with Austria as a whole.
empirical evidence shows that the People's Republic of China lacks effective capital and labour markets with the result of restricted factor mobility. Above all, the country also seems to have a huge pool of labour over-supply mainly in the agricultural sector. The core of the model applied lies in the observation that wage levels of
unskilled labour in the modern industrial sector remain by and large unchanged for a considerable period of time due to over-supply of labour before reaching a certain point and rising rapidly thereafter. This paper tries to capture China’s economic progress both in the past and near future by trying to identify this said turning point.
Whereas changes of base years with a deflator – per se a Paasche price index – should not affect the relative weights of countries, the 22nd edition provided for some surprising changes in the global ranking of the most important manufacturing countries.