Wawan Sobari is senior lecturer of politics and public policy at Universitas Brawijaya, head of Master Program of Social Science at Universitas Brawijaya, and senior scholar at the Jawa Pos Institute of Pro‐Otonomi (JPIP). Address: Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
This research aims to evaluate the readiness of regional governments to engage with the fourth In... more This research aims to evaluate the readiness of regional governments to engage with the fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), especially in e-service delivery. In the era of Industry 4.0, governments are increasingly considered public service centres that are evaluated for their ability to provide expanded services in the most efficient and individual ways. This research applied an eservice model survey by evaluating indicators of e-services about maturity values on a user-based website or mobile device applications. Assessments of e-service in three regional governments in Greater Malang reveal flaws in personnel readiness, user preparedness, flexibility in e-service procedures and requirements, integration among applications, lack of socialization, weak leader support and commitment, low budgets, and infrastructure constraints. Guided by these discoveries, unlike with theory, this study proclaims the importance of digital wisdom involving empathy, simplicity, compromise, cr...
Current studies discover the difference of response of conservatism to the COVID-19 pandemic situ... more Current studies discover the difference of response of conservatism to the COVID-19 pandemic situation with, at least, six stigmas, namely practicing conservative politics, high risk public health behavior, lack of trust in science, neglecting mainstream media reports, less support for vaccination, and tendency to stockpile. This fieldwork-based qualitative study aims to explore the conservative political leadership of a village head in dealing with the pandemic situation. Unlike the previous studies, it reveals the village head’s conservative leadership which plays a vital role in coping with the outbreak. Under the influence of Javanese culture and tradition, the practices of leadership have positive impacts on controlling the situation, that are responsiveness, willingness to hear input, empathy, direct engagement, non-discrimination, ability to mobilize village apparatuses and to encourage participation of villagers, and consistent reminders to villagers to adhere to health prot...
Tujuan studi ini berupaya menjawab lima pertanyaan utama terkait implementasi UU: BHP pada Univer... more Tujuan studi ini berupaya menjawab lima pertanyaan utama terkait implementasi UU: BHP pada Universitas Brawijaya .(UB) dan Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). Yakni, ketentuan pengarnbilan kebijakan strategis pada BHP, melakukan perbandingan antara mekanisme negara pasar, dan govermance networks dalam mengetahui potensi dampak UU BHP pada kemampuan pengelolaan UB dan UM, dan mengembangkan strategi governance yang mereferensi pada kepentingan seluruh stakeholders dalam BHPP PT. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan penelitian dimaksud. Secara operasional menggunakan analysis structures and meanings untuk menggali dan menguji argurnen kebijakan dalam UU BHP terkait dua tujuan pertama. Kemudian melakukan wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap competent .key infirmans di dua universitas Sebagai lokus studi ini. Hasilnya, studi ini menemukan bahwa pengambilan kebijakan strategis pada BHP berada tangan organ representasi pemangku kepentingan (ORPK) yang keanggo...
Studi-studi tentang politik transaksional banyak membahas tentang praktik politik imbal balik (po... more Studi-studi tentang politik transaksional banyak membahas tentang praktik politik imbal balik (political patronage) antara pemimpin politik terpilih dan konstituen dan dampaknya terhadap hasil pemilu yang menguntungkan petahana (incumbent). Namun, studi-studi tersebut belum mampu menjelaskan tentang bagaimana relasi politik transaksional bisa membingkai (framing) pilihan warga terhadap petahana dan partai politik. Selain itu, studi sebelumnya belum menjelaskan apa yang menjadi bahan evaluasi pemilih dalam relasi transaksional hingga menyebabkan para pemilih memutuskan untuk memilih petahana kembali. Melalui penggunaan metodologi kualitatif dan secara operasional dijalankan melalui metode desk study, artikel ini menunjukkan urgensi penggunaan teori pembelahan politik (political cleavage). Praktik politik transaksional oleh petahana sebelum pilkada bisa menjadi instrumen pembelahan politik. Kebijakan, program, dan kegiatan yang bersifat partikelir atau partisan bisa membingkai nilai s...
This research challenges the relevance of a change towards liberal democracy for gender equality.... more This research challenges the relevance of a change towards liberal democracy for gender equality. In particular, it connects the political logic of the survival and failure of incumbents in the direct election for local leaders (pilkada) with the acceptance of gender related considerations in local policies and women preferences in voting. By carrying out comparative assessments concerning the pilkada in four rural and urban districts in East Java, the study reveals that local democracy does not provide incentives which encourage the incumbents who run in re-election bids to promote better gendered policies during their terms in office due to women's ignorance in voting. Female voters were less critical in reviewing the incumbents' performance. Women were too busy receiving tangible policy outputs; they paid inadequate attention to the importance of strategic gender interests. Consequently, incumbents who perform better in reducing gender disparity often lose their posts. Wo...
Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 2018
The qualitative research addresses the political logic of why and how the incumbents succeed and ... more The qualitative research addresses the political logic of why and how the incumbents succeed and fail in direct election for regional heads (pilkada) in emerging democratic Indonesia. De Mesquita et al. (2003) believe that, to survive in office, a leader needs to offer a benefit at least equal to the greatest possible benefit offered by a potential challenger. Particular to the pilkada cases in Indonesia, Erb and Sulistiyanto (2009) elaborate several factors connected to “reward and punishment” logic that may lead to the incumbents’ survival and failure in re-election bids. This study expands the logic by revealing that populism, rivalry, and tangibility are the core strategies for the successful incumbents in retaining their offices in four rural and urban regions in East Java. Particularly, the survival of an incumbent hinges on his capacity to manage rivalry risks, namely the capability to manage support and opposition both from formal and informal actors through fair or unfair m...
Parameter dominan dalam menilai kualitas pemilu di Indonesia selama ini merujuk pada keberhasilan... more Parameter dominan dalam menilai kualitas pemilu di Indonesia selama ini merujuk pada keberhasilan substantif, yaitu kesetaraan, kebebasan, kejujuran, partisipasi, kompetisi, dan integritas. Namun, keberhasilan menurut sudut pandang pemilih dan Panitia Pemungutan Suara (PPS) masih terabaikan, seperti kepuasan pemilih dan jaminan pemilu damai. Studi kasus kualitatif ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi pandangan pemilih dan panitia atas praktik semipemilihan elektronik (semi-e-voting) melalui penerapan Aplikasi Barcode Scanner pada Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Pilkades) 2019 di Kecamatan Poncokusumo, Kabupaten Malang. Hasilnya, pemilih dan panitia menilai kualitas pemilu tidak cukup bersandar pada ukuran kualitas substantif. Untuk itu, studi ini mendorong perspektif pelayanan publik atas pemilu. Pertama, pemilih dan panitia selayaknya dipandang sebagai penerima manfaat dan penyedia. Kedua, sisi pandang ini menawarkan ukuran waktu menyalurkan hak pilih, kelayakan beban dan kemudahan kerja panitia, d...
This qualitative case study aims to assess the contribution of the PSE Commission in alleviating ... more This qualitative case study aims to assess the contribution of the PSE Commission in alleviating poverty and to analyze PSE institutional strengthening in the success of poverty alleviation priority programs. Institutional strengthening is the key to the sustainability and success of poverty alleviation programs. However, there are studies that show that institutional strengthening through legal aspects, Provincial Drinking Wages and public policies have been effective enough to alleviate poverty. Of the many findings that exist, researchers discovered new things, namely through institutional strengthening in aspects; Structure, HR, Finance, Organizational Funding and Assets, Monitoring and Evaluation, Legality, Data and Information and Collaborative Networks can determine the success of the institution in alleviating poverty and the sustainability of poverty alleviation priority programs. The pattern of the empowerment approach carried out by the government is seen as less touching...
Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Pos Institute of Pro-Otonomi (JPIP) & JP Press dengan Pemerintah Propi... more Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Pos Institute of Pro-Otonomi (JPIP) & JP Press dengan Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur
The change of stategic environmental drives the teoritical study on development politic, include ... more The change of stategic environmental drives the teoritical study on development politic, include of civil society. Practically, it can be started via preliminary study consist of sysntesis and analysis the factual indonesia society now and the past and, after that, could be illustrated the formulae what kind the civil society in indonesia is? The beginner is not always the state, eventhought the state, should always, has great role to support, to facilitate and finalizing the civil siciety model in indonesia.
IntroductionThe Javanese are ranked as the most numerous ethnic group in Indonesia. The 2010 nati... more IntroductionThe Javanese are ranked as the most numerous ethnic group in Indonesia. The 2010 national census reported that they amounted to 40.22 percent of the national population (92,217,022 people), with 48.72 percent of them living in rural areas (Na'im and Syaputra 2011, 28). This numerical majority is one of the reasons for scholarly studies to examine the Javanese as a political entity.1)However, the number of published scholarly works on Javanese voters is not commensurate with the dominance of this population. Clifford Geertz (1960), in his pioneering masterpiece The Religion of Java, introduced the aliran (streams) approach that attempted to map Javanese electoral orientations. The approach is founded on Javanese socio-religious norms that contribute to the Javanese people's worldview (religious beliefs, ethical preference, and political ideologies) and yields three main cultural types: abangan, santri, and priyayi (ibid., 4-5). Geertz explains this well-known tric...
This qualitative case study aims to explore the electoral political relations of the kiai and san... more This qualitative case study aims to explore the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri in the local leaders election of East Java.The kiai's authority is absolute, the submission of the santri to the kiai is the main rule of the pesantren culture, the relationship of the kiai and santri is patron-client, there is an unequal interaction with the position of the santri being a client and the kiai becoming a patron.The strength factor of the charisma and influence of the kiai is often used for various interests in the politics of regional elections. Different from theory, the patron-client relationship in the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri in the local leaders election of East Java is not relevant. This study finds, First, the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri are determined by the attitude of equal egalitarian relations and complementary relations. Kiai and santri both play a role in shaping voting behavior, and the kiai is no...
This qualitative case study explores voting behavior in a multilevel (municipality and province) ... more This qualitative case study explores voting behavior in a multilevel (municipality and province) and concurrent local election in the Municipality of Malang. Previous researches on concurrent local election in Indonesia revealed a number of relevant factors elucidating voters’ choices, namely vote-buying (Fossati et al., 2016), social identity (Kristianus, 2016), intensity of meeting with candidates (Ramadhany, 2017), and the blater character of incumbent (friendly and close to commoners) (Sobari, 2018). The study extends previous findings through exposure to voting behavior that the capacity to vote and the adequacy of information about candidates are two converging factors explaining similarities and differences in the considerations for voting. The capacity demonstrates ability in making electoral decision, mainly referring to rational choice arguments. It is supported by the adequacy of information about the profile of candidates for mayors and governors along with their propos...
The dominant argument about the work of Everyday Makers states that apathy encourages community i... more The dominant argument about the work of Everyday Makers states that apathy encourages community involvement in solving public problems. This qualitative case study aims to explore the workings of the Everyday Makers practice in the case of Malang Garbage Bank management. Unlike the previous argument, this study found an enthusiastic attitude that encouraged the community to work together in handling the waste problem in Malang city. The enthusiastic attitude that drives the community to work with the government and the private sector is the philosophy of Ojrek Bareng which is based on Arek Culture. This philosophy was reflected in the expression of the community in dealing with waste problems, namely sengkuyung seduluran (brotherhood spirit), ewuh pakewuh (uneasy feelings) and tanpo pamrih (sincere). This study debates the workings of Everyday Makers, that what drives the work of Everyday Makers in solving public problems is public's apathy towards the government. However, this ...
This study aims to critically examine the content of Law Number 25/2009 concerning Public Service... more This study aims to critically examine the content of Law Number 25/2009 concerning Public Service and contribute to highlight four main points of amendment. A decade of law implementation achieved some advancement to public. One of them is the development of various service breakthroughs that fulfilled demand and needs of users. However, public service implementation still faces compliance problems with service standards at all levels of government. Furthermore, public service has to deal with the integrity problem. This study applies a textual/documentary analysis method and is operationally carried out through qualitative content analysis of the text of Law 25/2009. The study also reveals four other problems that must be responded to the amendment to the law, namely ideology, publicness, leadership, and ethics. The principan of spirituality is an important part of ideology to meet the religious rights of users and providers and encourage to run the integrated public services. In...
This research aims to evaluate the readiness of regional governments to engage with the fourth In... more This research aims to evaluate the readiness of regional governments to engage with the fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), especially in e-service delivery. In the era of Industry 4.0, governments are increasingly considered public service centres that are evaluated for their ability to provide expanded services in the most efficient and individual ways. This research applied an eservice model survey by evaluating indicators of e-services about maturity values on a user-based website or mobile device applications. Assessments of e-service in three regional governments in Greater Malang reveal flaws in personnel readiness, user preparedness, flexibility in e-service procedures and requirements, integration among applications, lack of socialization, weak leader support and commitment, low budgets, and infrastructure constraints. Guided by these discoveries, unlike with theory, this study proclaims the importance of digital wisdom involving empathy, simplicity, compromise, cr...
Current studies discover the difference of response of conservatism to the COVID-19 pandemic situ... more Current studies discover the difference of response of conservatism to the COVID-19 pandemic situation with, at least, six stigmas, namely practicing conservative politics, high risk public health behavior, lack of trust in science, neglecting mainstream media reports, less support for vaccination, and tendency to stockpile. This fieldwork-based qualitative study aims to explore the conservative political leadership of a village head in dealing with the pandemic situation. Unlike the previous studies, it reveals the village head’s conservative leadership which plays a vital role in coping with the outbreak. Under the influence of Javanese culture and tradition, the practices of leadership have positive impacts on controlling the situation, that are responsiveness, willingness to hear input, empathy, direct engagement, non-discrimination, ability to mobilize village apparatuses and to encourage participation of villagers, and consistent reminders to villagers to adhere to health prot...
Tujuan studi ini berupaya menjawab lima pertanyaan utama terkait implementasi UU: BHP pada Univer... more Tujuan studi ini berupaya menjawab lima pertanyaan utama terkait implementasi UU: BHP pada Universitas Brawijaya .(UB) dan Universitas Negeri Malang (UM). Yakni, ketentuan pengarnbilan kebijakan strategis pada BHP, melakukan perbandingan antara mekanisme negara pasar, dan govermance networks dalam mengetahui potensi dampak UU BHP pada kemampuan pengelolaan UB dan UM, dan mengembangkan strategi governance yang mereferensi pada kepentingan seluruh stakeholders dalam BHPP PT. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan penelitian dimaksud. Secara operasional menggunakan analysis structures and meanings untuk menggali dan menguji argurnen kebijakan dalam UU BHP terkait dua tujuan pertama. Kemudian melakukan wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap competent .key infirmans di dua universitas Sebagai lokus studi ini. Hasilnya, studi ini menemukan bahwa pengambilan kebijakan strategis pada BHP berada tangan organ representasi pemangku kepentingan (ORPK) yang keanggo...
Studi-studi tentang politik transaksional banyak membahas tentang praktik politik imbal balik (po... more Studi-studi tentang politik transaksional banyak membahas tentang praktik politik imbal balik (political patronage) antara pemimpin politik terpilih dan konstituen dan dampaknya terhadap hasil pemilu yang menguntungkan petahana (incumbent). Namun, studi-studi tersebut belum mampu menjelaskan tentang bagaimana relasi politik transaksional bisa membingkai (framing) pilihan warga terhadap petahana dan partai politik. Selain itu, studi sebelumnya belum menjelaskan apa yang menjadi bahan evaluasi pemilih dalam relasi transaksional hingga menyebabkan para pemilih memutuskan untuk memilih petahana kembali. Melalui penggunaan metodologi kualitatif dan secara operasional dijalankan melalui metode desk study, artikel ini menunjukkan urgensi penggunaan teori pembelahan politik (political cleavage). Praktik politik transaksional oleh petahana sebelum pilkada bisa menjadi instrumen pembelahan politik. Kebijakan, program, dan kegiatan yang bersifat partikelir atau partisan bisa membingkai nilai s...
This research challenges the relevance of a change towards liberal democracy for gender equality.... more This research challenges the relevance of a change towards liberal democracy for gender equality. In particular, it connects the political logic of the survival and failure of incumbents in the direct election for local leaders (pilkada) with the acceptance of gender related considerations in local policies and women preferences in voting. By carrying out comparative assessments concerning the pilkada in four rural and urban districts in East Java, the study reveals that local democracy does not provide incentives which encourage the incumbents who run in re-election bids to promote better gendered policies during their terms in office due to women's ignorance in voting. Female voters were less critical in reviewing the incumbents' performance. Women were too busy receiving tangible policy outputs; they paid inadequate attention to the importance of strategic gender interests. Consequently, incumbents who perform better in reducing gender disparity often lose their posts. Wo...
Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 2018
The qualitative research addresses the political logic of why and how the incumbents succeed and ... more The qualitative research addresses the political logic of why and how the incumbents succeed and fail in direct election for regional heads (pilkada) in emerging democratic Indonesia. De Mesquita et al. (2003) believe that, to survive in office, a leader needs to offer a benefit at least equal to the greatest possible benefit offered by a potential challenger. Particular to the pilkada cases in Indonesia, Erb and Sulistiyanto (2009) elaborate several factors connected to “reward and punishment” logic that may lead to the incumbents’ survival and failure in re-election bids. This study expands the logic by revealing that populism, rivalry, and tangibility are the core strategies for the successful incumbents in retaining their offices in four rural and urban regions in East Java. Particularly, the survival of an incumbent hinges on his capacity to manage rivalry risks, namely the capability to manage support and opposition both from formal and informal actors through fair or unfair m...
Parameter dominan dalam menilai kualitas pemilu di Indonesia selama ini merujuk pada keberhasilan... more Parameter dominan dalam menilai kualitas pemilu di Indonesia selama ini merujuk pada keberhasilan substantif, yaitu kesetaraan, kebebasan, kejujuran, partisipasi, kompetisi, dan integritas. Namun, keberhasilan menurut sudut pandang pemilih dan Panitia Pemungutan Suara (PPS) masih terabaikan, seperti kepuasan pemilih dan jaminan pemilu damai. Studi kasus kualitatif ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi pandangan pemilih dan panitia atas praktik semipemilihan elektronik (semi-e-voting) melalui penerapan Aplikasi Barcode Scanner pada Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Pilkades) 2019 di Kecamatan Poncokusumo, Kabupaten Malang. Hasilnya, pemilih dan panitia menilai kualitas pemilu tidak cukup bersandar pada ukuran kualitas substantif. Untuk itu, studi ini mendorong perspektif pelayanan publik atas pemilu. Pertama, pemilih dan panitia selayaknya dipandang sebagai penerima manfaat dan penyedia. Kedua, sisi pandang ini menawarkan ukuran waktu menyalurkan hak pilih, kelayakan beban dan kemudahan kerja panitia, d...
This qualitative case study aims to assess the contribution of the PSE Commission in alleviating ... more This qualitative case study aims to assess the contribution of the PSE Commission in alleviating poverty and to analyze PSE institutional strengthening in the success of poverty alleviation priority programs. Institutional strengthening is the key to the sustainability and success of poverty alleviation programs. However, there are studies that show that institutional strengthening through legal aspects, Provincial Drinking Wages and public policies have been effective enough to alleviate poverty. Of the many findings that exist, researchers discovered new things, namely through institutional strengthening in aspects; Structure, HR, Finance, Organizational Funding and Assets, Monitoring and Evaluation, Legality, Data and Information and Collaborative Networks can determine the success of the institution in alleviating poverty and the sustainability of poverty alleviation priority programs. The pattern of the empowerment approach carried out by the government is seen as less touching...
Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Pos Institute of Pro-Otonomi (JPIP) & JP Press dengan Pemerintah Propi... more Diterbitkan atas kerjasama Pos Institute of Pro-Otonomi (JPIP) & JP Press dengan Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur
The change of stategic environmental drives the teoritical study on development politic, include ... more The change of stategic environmental drives the teoritical study on development politic, include of civil society. Practically, it can be started via preliminary study consist of sysntesis and analysis the factual indonesia society now and the past and, after that, could be illustrated the formulae what kind the civil society in indonesia is? The beginner is not always the state, eventhought the state, should always, has great role to support, to facilitate and finalizing the civil siciety model in indonesia.
IntroductionThe Javanese are ranked as the most numerous ethnic group in Indonesia. The 2010 nati... more IntroductionThe Javanese are ranked as the most numerous ethnic group in Indonesia. The 2010 national census reported that they amounted to 40.22 percent of the national population (92,217,022 people), with 48.72 percent of them living in rural areas (Na'im and Syaputra 2011, 28). This numerical majority is one of the reasons for scholarly studies to examine the Javanese as a political entity.1)However, the number of published scholarly works on Javanese voters is not commensurate with the dominance of this population. Clifford Geertz (1960), in his pioneering masterpiece The Religion of Java, introduced the aliran (streams) approach that attempted to map Javanese electoral orientations. The approach is founded on Javanese socio-religious norms that contribute to the Javanese people's worldview (religious beliefs, ethical preference, and political ideologies) and yields three main cultural types: abangan, santri, and priyayi (ibid., 4-5). Geertz explains this well-known tric...
This qualitative case study aims to explore the electoral political relations of the kiai and san... more This qualitative case study aims to explore the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri in the local leaders election of East Java.The kiai's authority is absolute, the submission of the santri to the kiai is the main rule of the pesantren culture, the relationship of the kiai and santri is patron-client, there is an unequal interaction with the position of the santri being a client and the kiai becoming a patron.The strength factor of the charisma and influence of the kiai is often used for various interests in the politics of regional elections. Different from theory, the patron-client relationship in the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri in the local leaders election of East Java is not relevant. This study finds, First, the electoral political relations of the kiai and santri are determined by the attitude of equal egalitarian relations and complementary relations. Kiai and santri both play a role in shaping voting behavior, and the kiai is no...
This qualitative case study explores voting behavior in a multilevel (municipality and province) ... more This qualitative case study explores voting behavior in a multilevel (municipality and province) and concurrent local election in the Municipality of Malang. Previous researches on concurrent local election in Indonesia revealed a number of relevant factors elucidating voters’ choices, namely vote-buying (Fossati et al., 2016), social identity (Kristianus, 2016), intensity of meeting with candidates (Ramadhany, 2017), and the blater character of incumbent (friendly and close to commoners) (Sobari, 2018). The study extends previous findings through exposure to voting behavior that the capacity to vote and the adequacy of information about candidates are two converging factors explaining similarities and differences in the considerations for voting. The capacity demonstrates ability in making electoral decision, mainly referring to rational choice arguments. It is supported by the adequacy of information about the profile of candidates for mayors and governors along with their propos...
The dominant argument about the work of Everyday Makers states that apathy encourages community i... more The dominant argument about the work of Everyday Makers states that apathy encourages community involvement in solving public problems. This qualitative case study aims to explore the workings of the Everyday Makers practice in the case of Malang Garbage Bank management. Unlike the previous argument, this study found an enthusiastic attitude that encouraged the community to work together in handling the waste problem in Malang city. The enthusiastic attitude that drives the community to work with the government and the private sector is the philosophy of Ojrek Bareng which is based on Arek Culture. This philosophy was reflected in the expression of the community in dealing with waste problems, namely sengkuyung seduluran (brotherhood spirit), ewuh pakewuh (uneasy feelings) and tanpo pamrih (sincere). This study debates the workings of Everyday Makers, that what drives the work of Everyday Makers in solving public problems is public's apathy towards the government. However, this ...
This study aims to critically examine the content of Law Number 25/2009 concerning Public Service... more This study aims to critically examine the content of Law Number 25/2009 concerning Public Service and contribute to highlight four main points of amendment. A decade of law implementation achieved some advancement to public. One of them is the development of various service breakthroughs that fulfilled demand and needs of users. However, public service implementation still faces compliance problems with service standards at all levels of government. Furthermore, public service has to deal with the integrity problem. This study applies a textual/documentary analysis method and is operationally carried out through qualitative content analysis of the text of Law 25/2009. The study also reveals four other problems that must be responded to the amendment to the law, namely ideology, publicness, leadership, and ethics. The principan of spirituality is an important part of ideology to meet the religious rights of users and providers and encourage to run the integrated public services. In...
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