Vlad V. Froltsov
Froltsov Vladislav Valerievich (Minsk, Republic of Belarus)
Graduated from the Faculty of International Relations with a degree in International Relations of the Belarusian State University in 1998. Kandidat istoricheskih nauk (Ph.D. in History, 2001). Dozent (Associate Professor, 2007). Doktor istoricheskih nauk (Doctor of Science in History, 2018). Key research areas: Contemporary Issues of European Politics, German Internal and Foreign Policy in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, New Approaches to the Theory of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Issues of Information Security and building of country's images. Author of more than 100 research papers, including publications in Russia, Ukraine, United States, Germany, Poland, Estonia. Traineeships in the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster (Germany, 2002, 2004), the University of South Carolina (USA, 2004), Philipps University of Marburg (Germany, 2015), Justus Liebig University of Giessen (Germany, 2015, 2016). Deputy Head of the Department of International Relations.
Graduated from the Faculty of International Relations with a degree in International Relations of the Belarusian State University in 1998. Kandidat istoricheskih nauk (Ph.D. in History, 2001). Dozent (Associate Professor, 2007). Doktor istoricheskih nauk (Doctor of Science in History, 2018). Key research areas: Contemporary Issues of European Politics, German Internal and Foreign Policy in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, New Approaches to the Theory of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Issues of Information Security and building of country's images. Author of more than 100 research papers, including publications in Russia, Ukraine, United States, Germany, Poland, Estonia. Traineeships in the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster (Germany, 2002, 2004), the University of South Carolina (USA, 2004), Philipps University of Marburg (Germany, 2015), Justus Liebig University of Giessen (Germany, 2015, 2016). Deputy Head of the Department of International Relations.
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Papers by Vlad V. Froltsov
Ключевые слова: унилатерализм, мультилатерализм, 19-й Всекитайский съезд КПК, социальные и экологические стандарты, борьба с бедностью, помощь развивающимся странами, свободная торговля, инициатива «Один пояс и один путь».
The author has defined and characterized the most important prerequisites for a convergence of positions of the governments of the People's Republic of China and leading European states, and first of all Germany, on a number of topical international issues. The key preconditions for such rapprochement were not only a strengthening of unilateralism in the US policy after the administration of Donald Trump came to power, but also some similar ideological positions, which appeared after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. These include a need to ensure high social and environmental standards in the process of national economies development, an overcoming poverty and assisting developing countries, an adhering to the principles of free trade and multilateralism in the International Relations.
The expanding opportunities for a long-term constructive dialogue between the People's Republic of China and European states will contribute to the successful implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative to create a transcontinental transport system in Eurasia.
Key words: unilateralism, multilateralism, 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, social and environmental standards, the fight against poverty, development aid, free trade, the Belt and Road Initiative.
This comprehensive dialogue with our leading international partners including a special role of our partnership with China continued and developed successfully in the early 21st century. It allowed the Republic of Belarus to contribute to the modern understanding of human rights in the context of global sustainable development. Achieving its Goals (SDGs) until 2030, agreed by all UN members is one of the most important aspects and challenges for the policy of the Republic of Belarus and for its primary vision of the promotion of human rights issues in the global world.
Our understanding of them is based on their universal, indivisible, interrelated, interdependent and complementary nature. To ensure each of their most important categories: civil, political, economic, social, cultural it should be adhere to the same positions and attitudes with equal attention. International cooperation in this sphere is to be aimed at strengthening mutual trust and developing effective multilateral mechanisms to solve the most important global problems.
The Republic of Belarus opposes consistently and resolutely any attempts to politicize them and calls for a comprehensive approach to the protection of all categories of human rights and liberties in the framework of international cooperation with-out prioritizing or minimizing them.
трех правительств А. Меркель: коалиционных соглашений (2005, 2009 и 2013 гг.), а также белых книг о политике безопасности и будущем бундесвера (2006 и 2016 гг.). В результате выявлены наиболее значимые изменения в видении германских интересов в Восточной Европе, которые произошли в период нахождения у власти канцлера А. Меркель и способны оказать определяющее влияние на дальнейшую внешнюю политику ФРГ.
Eurasia have caused some serious changes in the foreign policies of the USA and European
countries on the eve of XX-XXI centuries, which were traditionally focused on the relations with
Moscow as a centre of the Soviet Empire.
However the political interests of the new states differed (sometimes substantially) from a
position of Russia, which was objectively considered by the Western policy-makers as a political
successor of the Soviet Union. And namely, some of the new republics strived for a full
integration into the European and Transatlantic structures. So, three Baltic countries joined the
NATO and EU in 2004; the same goal is also a priority of the foreign policies of Georgia since
2003 as well as Ukraine since 2005; and this aspiration has already caused a discontent of
Moscow. All these tendencies could be defined as a real challenge for the US and European
foreign policies, which are bound to support the pro-Western strivings of the new independent
states, but, at the same time, to keep the closest relations with Russia.
Резюме. Впервые в историографии выполнена работа, охватывающая политику двух правящих коалиций ФРГ: ХДС/ХСС и СвДП (правой) и СДПГ и «Союза-90 – Зеленых» (левой) в отношении всех стран постсоветского пространства в 1991–2005 гг. Определены интересы Германии в этом регионе, выстроена их иерархия, обозначены ключевые цели и конкретные задачи германской политики. Пятнадцать республик бывшего СССР распределены по четырем группам в зависимости от их значимости для реализации германских интересов в сфере безопасности, экономики, информационной политики. Выявлен и охарактеризован феномен доминирования ситуативного подхода в процессе взаимодействия правительств Г. Коля и Г. Шрёдера со всеми постсоветскими государствами.
Key words: foreign policy, Germany, Post-Soviet states, security, economic interests, cultural and information policy, situational approach.
Summary. For the first time in the historiography a dissertation, which covered the policy of the two ruling coalition of Germany: CDU / CSU and the FDP (right), and the SPD and “Alliance '90/The Greens” (left) towards all Post-Soviet countries in 1991–2005, was prepared. The German interests in this region were defined, and their hierarchy was built, and the key objectives and specific tasks of the German policy were highlighted. Fifteen republics of the former USSR were divided into four groups according to their importance for the German interests in security, economy, and information policy. The phenomenon of situational approach dominance in the interaction of the H. Kohl’s and G. Schroeder’s governments with all Post-Soviet states was identified and characterized.
Die Schlagwörter: Außenpolitik, Deutschland, die postsowjetischen Staaten, Sicherheit, die wirtschaftlichen Interessen, Kultur- und Informationspolitik, die situative Vorgehensweise.
Die Zusammenfassung. Zum ersten Mal in der Geschichtsschreibung die Arbeit, die die Politik der beiden regierenden Koalition der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: CDU / CSU – FDP (rechte) und der SPD – "Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen" (linke) in Beziehung auf alle postsowjetischen Staaten in 1991–2005 umfasst hat, wurde erfüllt. Die deutschen Interessen in dieser Region sind definiert, ihre Hierarchie gebaut, die wichtigsten Ziele und Aufgaben der deutschen Politik identifiziert. Fünfzehn Republiken der ehemaligen UdSSR in vier Gruppen entsprechend ihrer Bedeutung für die Verwirklichung der deutschen Interessen im Bereich der Sicherheit, Wirtschaft, Informationspolitik sind verteilt. Das Phänomen der Dominanz der situativen Vorgehensweise in der Beziehungen der Regierungen von Helmut Kohl und Gerhard Schröder mit allen Republiken der ehemaligen Sowjetunion ist identifiziert und charakterisiert."
A disintegration of the USSR as well as a creation of new independent countries in Eurasia have caused some serious changes in the foreign policies of the USA and European countries on the eve of XX-XXI centuries, which were traditionally focused on the relations with Moscow as a centre of the Soviet Empire.
However the political interests of the new states differed (sometimes substantially) from a position of Russia, which was objectively considered by the Western policy-makers as a political successor of the Soviet Union. And namely, some of the new republics strived for a full integration into the European and Transatlantic structures. So, three Baltic countries joined the NATO and EU in 2004; the same goal is also a priority of the foreign policies of Georgia since 2003 as well as Ukraine since 2005; and this aspiration has already caused a discontent of Moscow. All these tendencies could be defined as a real challenge for the US and European foreign policies, which are bound to support the pro-Western strivings of the new independent states, but, at the same time, to keep the closest relations with Russia.
Резюме. Впервые определен характер воздействия общественно-политических явлений в новых восточных землях ФРГ на процесс формирования внешней политики единого германского государства. Выявлены недостатки немецкой модели объединения, которые явились причиной возникновения и усиления региональных противоречий между восточными и западными землями Германии в 1990-е годы, проведена систематизация документов основных политических партий ФРГ по внешнеполитической проблематике, осуществлен анализ международной деятельности ПДС.
Key words: The East German factor, the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), New Eastern States (Länder) of Germany, social and economic crisis, regional conflicts, an alternative concept of the German foreign policy.
Summary. For the first time the character of the effect of the socio-political phenomena in new Eastern States (Länder) of Germany on a process of the formation of the foreign policy of unified Germany was defined. The shortcomings of the German scheme of unification which were the reason of the origin and intensification of regional conflicts between Eastern and Western German States (Länder) in the 1990s were revealed, the systematization of the documents of the main German political parties on foreign policy problems was curried out, the analysis of international activity of the PDS were also completed.
Die Schlagwörter: der Ostdeutsche Faktor, die Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS), die neuen östlichen Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, die sozio-ökonomische Krise, regionale Konflikte, ein alternatives Konzept der deutschen Außenpolitik.
Die Zusammenfassung. Zum ersten Mal das Wesen der Auswirkungen der sozio-politischen Phänomenen in den neuen Bundesländern auf die Bildung der Außenpolitik des vereinten deutschen Staates ist definiert. Die Schwächen des deutschen Vereinigungsmodells, das die Entstehung und Stärkung der regionalen Unterschieden zwischen die östlichen und westlichen Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den 1990er Jahren verursacht hat, sind identifiziert. Die Systematisierung der Dokumenten der großten politischen Parteien in Deutschland zu außenpolitischen Fragen und die Analyse der internationalen Aktivitäten der PDS sind durchgeführt."
Ключевые слова: унилатерализм, мультилатерализм, 19-й Всекитайский съезд КПК, социальные и экологические стандарты, борьба с бедностью, помощь развивающимся странами, свободная торговля, инициатива «Один пояс и один путь».
The author has defined and characterized the most important prerequisites for a convergence of positions of the governments of the People's Republic of China and leading European states, and first of all Germany, on a number of topical international issues. The key preconditions for such rapprochement were not only a strengthening of unilateralism in the US policy after the administration of Donald Trump came to power, but also some similar ideological positions, which appeared after the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. These include a need to ensure high social and environmental standards in the process of national economies development, an overcoming poverty and assisting developing countries, an adhering to the principles of free trade and multilateralism in the International Relations.
The expanding opportunities for a long-term constructive dialogue between the People's Republic of China and European states will contribute to the successful implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative to create a transcontinental transport system in Eurasia.
Key words: unilateralism, multilateralism, 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, social and environmental standards, the fight against poverty, development aid, free trade, the Belt and Road Initiative.
This comprehensive dialogue with our leading international partners including a special role of our partnership with China continued and developed successfully in the early 21st century. It allowed the Republic of Belarus to contribute to the modern understanding of human rights in the context of global sustainable development. Achieving its Goals (SDGs) until 2030, agreed by all UN members is one of the most important aspects and challenges for the policy of the Republic of Belarus and for its primary vision of the promotion of human rights issues in the global world.
Our understanding of them is based on their universal, indivisible, interrelated, interdependent and complementary nature. To ensure each of their most important categories: civil, political, economic, social, cultural it should be adhere to the same positions and attitudes with equal attention. International cooperation in this sphere is to be aimed at strengthening mutual trust and developing effective multilateral mechanisms to solve the most important global problems.
The Republic of Belarus opposes consistently and resolutely any attempts to politicize them and calls for a comprehensive approach to the protection of all categories of human rights and liberties in the framework of international cooperation with-out prioritizing or minimizing them.
трех правительств А. Меркель: коалиционных соглашений (2005, 2009 и 2013 гг.), а также белых книг о политике безопасности и будущем бундесвера (2006 и 2016 гг.). В результате выявлены наиболее значимые изменения в видении германских интересов в Восточной Европе, которые произошли в период нахождения у власти канцлера А. Меркель и способны оказать определяющее влияние на дальнейшую внешнюю политику ФРГ.
Eurasia have caused some serious changes in the foreign policies of the USA and European
countries on the eve of XX-XXI centuries, which were traditionally focused on the relations with
Moscow as a centre of the Soviet Empire.
However the political interests of the new states differed (sometimes substantially) from a
position of Russia, which was objectively considered by the Western policy-makers as a political
successor of the Soviet Union. And namely, some of the new republics strived for a full
integration into the European and Transatlantic structures. So, three Baltic countries joined the
NATO and EU in 2004; the same goal is also a priority of the foreign policies of Georgia since
2003 as well as Ukraine since 2005; and this aspiration has already caused a discontent of
Moscow. All these tendencies could be defined as a real challenge for the US and European
foreign policies, which are bound to support the pro-Western strivings of the new independent
states, but, at the same time, to keep the closest relations with Russia.
Резюме. Впервые в историографии выполнена работа, охватывающая политику двух правящих коалиций ФРГ: ХДС/ХСС и СвДП (правой) и СДПГ и «Союза-90 – Зеленых» (левой) в отношении всех стран постсоветского пространства в 1991–2005 гг. Определены интересы Германии в этом регионе, выстроена их иерархия, обозначены ключевые цели и конкретные задачи германской политики. Пятнадцать республик бывшего СССР распределены по четырем группам в зависимости от их значимости для реализации германских интересов в сфере безопасности, экономики, информационной политики. Выявлен и охарактеризован феномен доминирования ситуативного подхода в процессе взаимодействия правительств Г. Коля и Г. Шрёдера со всеми постсоветскими государствами.
Key words: foreign policy, Germany, Post-Soviet states, security, economic interests, cultural and information policy, situational approach.
Summary. For the first time in the historiography a dissertation, which covered the policy of the two ruling coalition of Germany: CDU / CSU and the FDP (right), and the SPD and “Alliance '90/The Greens” (left) towards all Post-Soviet countries in 1991–2005, was prepared. The German interests in this region were defined, and their hierarchy was built, and the key objectives and specific tasks of the German policy were highlighted. Fifteen republics of the former USSR were divided into four groups according to their importance for the German interests in security, economy, and information policy. The phenomenon of situational approach dominance in the interaction of the H. Kohl’s and G. Schroeder’s governments with all Post-Soviet states was identified and characterized.
Die Schlagwörter: Außenpolitik, Deutschland, die postsowjetischen Staaten, Sicherheit, die wirtschaftlichen Interessen, Kultur- und Informationspolitik, die situative Vorgehensweise.
Die Zusammenfassung. Zum ersten Mal in der Geschichtsschreibung die Arbeit, die die Politik der beiden regierenden Koalition der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: CDU / CSU – FDP (rechte) und der SPD – "Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen" (linke) in Beziehung auf alle postsowjetischen Staaten in 1991–2005 umfasst hat, wurde erfüllt. Die deutschen Interessen in dieser Region sind definiert, ihre Hierarchie gebaut, die wichtigsten Ziele und Aufgaben der deutschen Politik identifiziert. Fünfzehn Republiken der ehemaligen UdSSR in vier Gruppen entsprechend ihrer Bedeutung für die Verwirklichung der deutschen Interessen im Bereich der Sicherheit, Wirtschaft, Informationspolitik sind verteilt. Das Phänomen der Dominanz der situativen Vorgehensweise in der Beziehungen der Regierungen von Helmut Kohl und Gerhard Schröder mit allen Republiken der ehemaligen Sowjetunion ist identifiziert und charakterisiert."
A disintegration of the USSR as well as a creation of new independent countries in Eurasia have caused some serious changes in the foreign policies of the USA and European countries on the eve of XX-XXI centuries, which were traditionally focused on the relations with Moscow as a centre of the Soviet Empire.
However the political interests of the new states differed (sometimes substantially) from a position of Russia, which was objectively considered by the Western policy-makers as a political successor of the Soviet Union. And namely, some of the new republics strived for a full integration into the European and Transatlantic structures. So, three Baltic countries joined the NATO and EU in 2004; the same goal is also a priority of the foreign policies of Georgia since 2003 as well as Ukraine since 2005; and this aspiration has already caused a discontent of Moscow. All these tendencies could be defined as a real challenge for the US and European foreign policies, which are bound to support the pro-Western strivings of the new independent states, but, at the same time, to keep the closest relations with Russia.
Резюме. Впервые определен характер воздействия общественно-политических явлений в новых восточных землях ФРГ на процесс формирования внешней политики единого германского государства. Выявлены недостатки немецкой модели объединения, которые явились причиной возникновения и усиления региональных противоречий между восточными и западными землями Германии в 1990-е годы, проведена систематизация документов основных политических партий ФРГ по внешнеполитической проблематике, осуществлен анализ международной деятельности ПДС.
Key words: The East German factor, the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), New Eastern States (Länder) of Germany, social and economic crisis, regional conflicts, an alternative concept of the German foreign policy.
Summary. For the first time the character of the effect of the socio-political phenomena in new Eastern States (Länder) of Germany on a process of the formation of the foreign policy of unified Germany was defined. The shortcomings of the German scheme of unification which were the reason of the origin and intensification of regional conflicts between Eastern and Western German States (Länder) in the 1990s were revealed, the systematization of the documents of the main German political parties on foreign policy problems was curried out, the analysis of international activity of the PDS were also completed.
Die Schlagwörter: der Ostdeutsche Faktor, die Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS), die neuen östlichen Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, die sozio-ökonomische Krise, regionale Konflikte, ein alternatives Konzept der deutschen Außenpolitik.
Die Zusammenfassung. Zum ersten Mal das Wesen der Auswirkungen der sozio-politischen Phänomenen in den neuen Bundesländern auf die Bildung der Außenpolitik des vereinten deutschen Staates ist definiert. Die Schwächen des deutschen Vereinigungsmodells, das die Entstehung und Stärkung der regionalen Unterschieden zwischen die östlichen und westlichen Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den 1990er Jahren verursacht hat, sind identifiziert. Die Systematisierung der Dokumenten der großten politischen Parteien in Deutschland zu außenpolitischen Fragen und die Analyse der internationalen Aktivitäten der PDS sind durchgeführt."
Пособие по учебной дисциплине «Политические теории мирового развития», разработанное в Республике Беларусь впервые, призвано дать студентам магистратуры полное и всестороннее представление об основных современных теоретических подходах к изучению мирового развития, его закономерностей и тенденций, ведущих национальных школах и характерных для них исследовательских традициях, актуальных задачах и проблемах, связанных с осмыслением глобальных процессов, их влияния на современные международные отношения. Для магистрантов учреждений высшего образования, обучающихся по специальности 1-23 80 06 «История международных отношений и внешней политики».
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Keywords: theories of global development, national schools, research traditions, geopolitics and geo-economics, types of world order, models of foreign policy, global network society.
A book “Political Theories of Global Development” is published for a new master studies’ academic discipline, which was taught for the first time in the Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University. Its content aims at achievement of a complete and comprehensive understanding of the most relevant theoretical approaches to the study of current global development, its patterns and trends, as well as the leading national schools, their research traditions and topical issues associated with comprehension of global processes, which predetermine the current development of the International Relations.