Abstract A holographic glucose sensor based on the swelling state of acrylamide co-polymers conta... more Abstract A holographic glucose sensor based on the swelling state of acrylamide co-polymers containing phenylboronic acid groups has been developed. Boronic acids are known to bind a variety of cis-diols, including glucose and lactate, which are found in physiological ...
Analyte-responsive holograms comprise a holographic grating embedded in a smart hydrogel film. Th... more Analyte-responsive holograms comprise a holographic grating embedded in a smart hydrogel film. The grating acts as a reporter that enables analyte induced changes in the thickness of the associated polymer film to be accurately determined. Interaction of these materials with a specific analyte or stimuli leads to a change in the colour, image or brightness of the hologram and these changes can be visualised directly or quantified using a simple colour reader. Analyte-responsive holograms are inexpensive, robust and have proven suitable for detection of a wide range of clinically and industrially important analytes.
Holographic sensors for Na+ and K+ have been fabricated from crown ethers incorporated into polym... more Holographic sensors for Na+ and K+ have been fabricated from crown ethers incorporated into polymeric hydrogels. The methacrylate esters of a homologous series of hydroxyether crown ethers were synthesized and copolymerized with hydroxyethyl methacrylate and the cross-linker ethylene dimethacrylate (3 mol %) to form stable hydrogel films (approximately 10 m thick) containing covalently bound (0-97 mol %) 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6 pendant functionalities. The films were transformed into silver-based volume holograms using a diffusion method coupled with a holographic recording using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The resulting holographic reflection spectrum was used to characterize the shrinkage and swelling behavior of the holograms as a function of polymer composition and the nature and concentration of alkali, alkaline earth, and NH4+ ions in the test media. Optimized film compositions containing 50 mol % crown ether showed substantial responses (< or = 200 nm) within 30 s at ion concentrations of < or = 30 mM, which could be rationalized on the basis of the known complexation behavior of the crown ethers. An 18-crown-6 holographic film was shown to be able to quantitate K+ concentrations over the physiologically relevant range. It was virtually unaffected by variations in the Na+ background concentration within the normal physiological variation (approximately 0.13-0.15 M) and shows promise for developing simple, low-cost K+ sensors for medical applications.
A glucose sensor comprising a reflection hologram incorporated into a thin, acrylamide hydrogel f... more A glucose sensor comprising a reflection hologram incorporated into a thin, acrylamide hydrogel film bearing the cis-diol binding ligand, 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (3-APB), is described. The diffraction wavelength (color) of the hologram changes as the polymer swells upon binding cis-diols. The effect of various concentrations of glucose, a variety of mono- and disaccharides, and the alpha-hydroxy acid, lactate, on the holographic response was investigated. The sensor displayed reversible changes in diffraction wavelength as a function of cis-diol concentration, with the sensitivity of the system being dependent on the cis-diol tested. The effect of varying 3-APB concentration in the hydrogel on the holographic response to glucose was investigated, and maximum sensitivity was observed at a functional monomer concentration of 20 mol %. The potential for using this holographic sensor to detect real-time changes in bacterial cell metabolism was demonstrated by monitoring the germination and subsequent vegetative growth of Bacillus subtilis spores.
Abstract A holographic glucose sensor based on the swelling state of acrylamide co-polymers conta... more Abstract A holographic glucose sensor based on the swelling state of acrylamide co-polymers containing phenylboronic acid groups has been developed. Boronic acids are known to bind a variety of cis-diols, including glucose and lactate, which are found in physiological ...
Analyte-responsive holograms comprise a holographic grating embedded in a smart hydrogel film. Th... more Analyte-responsive holograms comprise a holographic grating embedded in a smart hydrogel film. The grating acts as a reporter that enables analyte induced changes in the thickness of the associated polymer film to be accurately determined. Interaction of these materials with a specific analyte or stimuli leads to a change in the colour, image or brightness of the hologram and these changes can be visualised directly or quantified using a simple colour reader. Analyte-responsive holograms are inexpensive, robust and have proven suitable for detection of a wide range of clinically and industrially important analytes.
Holographic sensors for Na+ and K+ have been fabricated from crown ethers incorporated into polym... more Holographic sensors for Na+ and K+ have been fabricated from crown ethers incorporated into polymeric hydrogels. The methacrylate esters of a homologous series of hydroxyether crown ethers were synthesized and copolymerized with hydroxyethyl methacrylate and the cross-linker ethylene dimethacrylate (3 mol %) to form stable hydrogel films (approximately 10 m thick) containing covalently bound (0-97 mol %) 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6 pendant functionalities. The films were transformed into silver-based volume holograms using a diffusion method coupled with a holographic recording using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The resulting holographic reflection spectrum was used to characterize the shrinkage and swelling behavior of the holograms as a function of polymer composition and the nature and concentration of alkali, alkaline earth, and NH4+ ions in the test media. Optimized film compositions containing 50 mol % crown ether showed substantial responses (< or = 200 nm) within 30 s at ion concentrations of < or = 30 mM, which could be rationalized on the basis of the known complexation behavior of the crown ethers. An 18-crown-6 holographic film was shown to be able to quantitate K+ concentrations over the physiologically relevant range. It was virtually unaffected by variations in the Na+ background concentration within the normal physiological variation (approximately 0.13-0.15 M) and shows promise for developing simple, low-cost K+ sensors for medical applications.
A glucose sensor comprising a reflection hologram incorporated into a thin, acrylamide hydrogel f... more A glucose sensor comprising a reflection hologram incorporated into a thin, acrylamide hydrogel film bearing the cis-diol binding ligand, 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (3-APB), is described. The diffraction wavelength (color) of the hologram changes as the polymer swells upon binding cis-diols. The effect of various concentrations of glucose, a variety of mono- and disaccharides, and the alpha-hydroxy acid, lactate, on the holographic response was investigated. The sensor displayed reversible changes in diffraction wavelength as a function of cis-diol concentration, with the sensitivity of the system being dependent on the cis-diol tested. The effect of varying 3-APB concentration in the hydrogel on the holographic response to glucose was investigated, and maximum sensitivity was observed at a functional monomer concentration of 20 mol %. The potential for using this holographic sensor to detect real-time changes in bacterial cell metabolism was demonstrated by monitoring the germination and subsequent vegetative growth of Bacillus subtilis spores.
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