Blockchain is a continuously developing technology that has made digital transactions and related... more Blockchain is a continuously developing technology that has made digital transactions and related computing operations more transparent and secure through globally distributed and decentralized management of states, as well as the strong immutability of blocks mined and transactions validated in a network enabled by the blockchain technology. This manuscript is aimed at elaborating the concept of blockchain technology alongside its coordination and implementation with other emerging technologies, such as smart contract, which works with different blockchain frameworks, as well as enabling anonymous transactions and decentralized consensus amongst different untrusting parties. The discussion of blockchain forks is also covered in this manuscript, depicting fork events created in the blockchain process, their brief history, types, and impacts upon the blockchain development and operation.
Existing product anti-counterfeiting and traceability solutions across today’s internationally sp... more Existing product anti-counterfeiting and traceability solutions across today’s internationally spanning supply chain networks are indeed developed and implemented with centralized system architecture relying on centralized authorities or intermediaries. Vulnerabilities of centralized product anti-counterfeiting solutions could possibly lead to system failure or susceptibility of malicious modifications performed on product records or various potential attacks to the system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has progressed from simply being a use case of immutable ledger for cryptocurrency transactions, to a programmable interactive environment of developing decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases globally. Key areas of decentralization, fundamental system requirements, and feasible mechanisms of developing decentralized product anti-counterfeiting and traceability ecosystems utilizing bloc...
An interesting research problem in supply chain industry is evaluating and determining provenance... more An interesting research problem in supply chain industry is evaluating and determining provenance of physical goods-demonstrating authenticity of luxury goods such as bottled wine. Yet, there has been a few innovative software solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance of today's goods that are produced and transported in complex, inter-organizational, and often internationally spanning supply chain networks. However, these supply chain systems and networks have been built and implemented with centralized system architecture, relying on centralized authorities or any form of intermediaries, and leading to issues such as single-point processing, storage and failure, which could be susceptible to malicious modifications of product records or various potential attacks to system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has evolved from being merely a decentralized, distributed and immutable ledger of cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable interactive environment for building decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases and existing problems in the world. In this research, the Decentralized NFC-enabled Anti-counterfeiting System (dNAS) is proposed and developed, decentralizing a legacy anti-counterfeiting system of supply chain industry using Blockchain technology, to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval, verification and management, as well as strengthening capability of product anti-counterfeiting in wine industry with capacity to further extend to supply chain industry as a whole. The proposed dNAS utilizes decentralized blockchain network on a consensus protocol compatible with the concept of enterprise consortium, programmable smart contracts and a distributed file storage system to develop a secure and immutable scientific data provenance tracking and management platform on which provenance records, providing compelling properties on data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded, verified and validated automatically.
Innovative solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance have been deplo... more Innovative solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance have been deployed across today's internationally spanning supply chain networks. These product anti-counterfeiting solutions are developed and implemented with centralized system architecture relying on centralized authorities or any form of intermediaries. Vulnerabilities of centralized product anti-counterfeiting solutions could possibly lead to system failure or susceptibility of malicious modifications performed on product records or various potential attacks to the system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has progressed from merely with a use case of immutable ledger for cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable interactive environment of developing decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases globally. In this research, so as to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval, verification and management, as well as strengthening capability of product anti-counterfeiting in supply chain industry, key areas of decentralization and feasible mechanisms of developing decentralized and distributed versions of these product anti-counterfeiting and traceability ecosystems utilizing blockchain technology, are identified via a series of security and threat analyses performed mainly against the NFC-Enabled Anti-Counterfeiting System (NAS) which is one of these solutions currently implemented in supply chain industry with centralized architecture. A set of fundamental system requirements are set out for developing a blockchain-enabled autonomous and decentralized ecosystem for supply chain anti-counterfeiting and traceability, as a secure and immutable scientific data provenance tracking and management platform in which provenance records, providing compelling properties on data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded and verified automatically, for supply chain industry.
Wine counterfeiting has been posing significant challenges to wine industry, and has undermined t... more Wine counterfeiting has been posing significant challenges to wine industry, and has undermined the international wine trading market and the global economy hugely. The situation of counterfeiting has even been exacerbating in wine industry and global supply chain. There has been a number of anti-counterfeiting approaches which have been proposed and adopted utilizing different authentication technologies, in response to growing threats of counterfeiting to wine industry. The proposed NFC-Enabled Anti-Counterfeiting System (NAS) is developed for luxury-good industry such as wine industry, aiming at upholding provenance and authenticity of wine products from counterfeits via the product pedigree, transaction records and supply chain integrity maintained along the supply chain. Consumers can therefore safeguard their stake by authenticating a specific wine product with their NFC-enabled smartphones before purchasing at the retail points. NAS utilizes Near-field Communication (NFC), which has emerged as a promising technology and communication protocol for developing innovative alternatives, to facilitate the wine record processing of wine products and in turn combat wine and spirit counterfeiting. The integrated NAS is consisted of a wide range of hardware and software components, and the best combination of settings, parameters and deployments will therefore be identified. Other possible implementation issues, such as tag selection, tag programming and encryption, setup of back-end database servers and the design of NFC mobile application will also be discussed in this project. The critical design of NAS is vital not only to the key of product anti-counterfeiting of wine industry, but also to the strong foundation for other innovative supply chain solutions, such as the NFC-enabled purchasing system, developed on top of NAS with improved and integrated anti-counterfeiting functionalities.
Blockchain is a continuously developing technology that has made digital transactions and related... more Blockchain is a continuously developing technology that has made digital transactions and related computing operations more transparent and secure through globally distributed and decentralized management of states, as well as the strong immutability of blocks mined and transactions validated in a network enabled by the blockchain technology. This manuscript is aimed at elaborating the concept of blockchain technology alongside its coordination and implementation with other emerging technologies, such as smart contract, which works with different blockchain frameworks, as well as enabling anonymous transactions and decentralized consensus amongst different untrusting parties. The discussion of blockchain forks is also covered in this manuscript, depicting fork events created in the blockchain process, their brief history, types, and impacts upon the blockchain development and operation.
Existing product anti-counterfeiting and traceability solutions across today’s internationally sp... more Existing product anti-counterfeiting and traceability solutions across today’s internationally spanning supply chain networks are indeed developed and implemented with centralized system architecture relying on centralized authorities or intermediaries. Vulnerabilities of centralized product anti-counterfeiting solutions could possibly lead to system failure or susceptibility of malicious modifications performed on product records or various potential attacks to the system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has progressed from simply being a use case of immutable ledger for cryptocurrency transactions, to a programmable interactive environment of developing decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases globally. Key areas of decentralization, fundamental system requirements, and feasible mechanisms of developing decentralized product anti-counterfeiting and traceability ecosystems utilizing bloc...
An interesting research problem in supply chain industry is evaluating and determining provenance... more An interesting research problem in supply chain industry is evaluating and determining provenance of physical goods-demonstrating authenticity of luxury goods such as bottled wine. Yet, there has been a few innovative software solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance of today's goods that are produced and transported in complex, inter-organizational, and often internationally spanning supply chain networks. However, these supply chain systems and networks have been built and implemented with centralized system architecture, relying on centralized authorities or any form of intermediaries, and leading to issues such as single-point processing, storage and failure, which could be susceptible to malicious modifications of product records or various potential attacks to system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has evolved from being merely a decentralized, distributed and immutable ledger of cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable interactive environment for building decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases and existing problems in the world. In this research, the Decentralized NFC-enabled Anti-counterfeiting System (dNAS) is proposed and developed, decentralizing a legacy anti-counterfeiting system of supply chain industry using Blockchain technology, to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval, verification and management, as well as strengthening capability of product anti-counterfeiting in wine industry with capacity to further extend to supply chain industry as a whole. The proposed dNAS utilizes decentralized blockchain network on a consensus protocol compatible with the concept of enterprise consortium, programmable smart contracts and a distributed file storage system to develop a secure and immutable scientific data provenance tracking and management platform on which provenance records, providing compelling properties on data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded, verified and validated automatically.
Innovative solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance have been deplo... more Innovative solutions addressing product anti-counterfeiting and record provenance have been deployed across today's internationally spanning supply chain networks. These product anti-counterfeiting solutions are developed and implemented with centralized system architecture relying on centralized authorities or any form of intermediaries. Vulnerabilities of centralized product anti-counterfeiting solutions could possibly lead to system failure or susceptibility of malicious modifications performed on product records or various potential attacks to the system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has progressed from merely with a use case of immutable ledger for cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable interactive environment of developing decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use cases globally. In this research, so as to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval, verification and management, as well as strengthening capability of product anti-counterfeiting in supply chain industry, key areas of decentralization and feasible mechanisms of developing decentralized and distributed versions of these product anti-counterfeiting and traceability ecosystems utilizing blockchain technology, are identified via a series of security and threat analyses performed mainly against the NFC-Enabled Anti-Counterfeiting System (NAS) which is one of these solutions currently implemented in supply chain industry with centralized architecture. A set of fundamental system requirements are set out for developing a blockchain-enabled autonomous and decentralized ecosystem for supply chain anti-counterfeiting and traceability, as a secure and immutable scientific data provenance tracking and management platform in which provenance records, providing compelling properties on data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded and verified automatically, for supply chain industry.
Wine counterfeiting has been posing significant challenges to wine industry, and has undermined t... more Wine counterfeiting has been posing significant challenges to wine industry, and has undermined the international wine trading market and the global economy hugely. The situation of counterfeiting has even been exacerbating in wine industry and global supply chain. There has been a number of anti-counterfeiting approaches which have been proposed and adopted utilizing different authentication technologies, in response to growing threats of counterfeiting to wine industry. The proposed NFC-Enabled Anti-Counterfeiting System (NAS) is developed for luxury-good industry such as wine industry, aiming at upholding provenance and authenticity of wine products from counterfeits via the product pedigree, transaction records and supply chain integrity maintained along the supply chain. Consumers can therefore safeguard their stake by authenticating a specific wine product with their NFC-enabled smartphones before purchasing at the retail points. NAS utilizes Near-field Communication (NFC), which has emerged as a promising technology and communication protocol for developing innovative alternatives, to facilitate the wine record processing of wine products and in turn combat wine and spirit counterfeiting. The integrated NAS is consisted of a wide range of hardware and software components, and the best combination of settings, parameters and deployments will therefore be identified. Other possible implementation issues, such as tag selection, tag programming and encryption, setup of back-end database servers and the design of NFC mobile application will also be discussed in this project. The critical design of NAS is vital not only to the key of product anti-counterfeiting of wine industry, but also to the strong foundation for other innovative supply chain solutions, such as the NFC-enabled purchasing system, developed on top of NAS with improved and integrated anti-counterfeiting functionalities.
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Papers by Neo C.K. Yiu