Department Chief Department of History and Buddhist Studies Patan Multiple Campus Lecturer, Tribhuvan University Phone: 977-9851128549 Address: Kathmandu
Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum̐ sī, Ka... more Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum̐ sī, Kartik śukla paksha pratipadā and dvitīyā by all the ethnic groups of Nepal. Even though Tihāra is known as Yamapañcaka, the Newars call it Swonti Nakha:. Although it is celebrated for five days, the three days – Lakṣmīpūjā, Mhapūjā, and kijāpūjā are celebrated as the main days by the Newar community. During these days, jalamaṇḍala, pōtāymaṇḍala, red powdermaṇḍala, tāymandala, pōtāymaṇḍala, new paddymaṇḍala, black soybeanmaṇḍala, gēdāmāsamaṇḍala, ākhēyamaṇḍala, and the dot oilmaṇḍala are placed at the center, and the eight-petal lotus is placed out of the maṇḍalas. The maṇḍalas and the different items used in Swonti nakha: represent five elements. Buddhists consider a maṇḍala as Saṅghamaṇḍala whereas the Hindus believe that a mandala symbolizes various deities. Although the maṇḍala is made for the purpose of worshiping, no uniformity is seen in its features. As the worshipping is done, a s...
SIRJANĀ – A Journal on Arts and Art Education, 2021
कपडामा लेखिएको चित्रलाई संस्कृत र नेपाली भाषामा ‘पटचित्र’, नेपालभाषामा ‘पौभाः’ र तिब्बती भाषामा ‘... more कपडामा लेखिएको चित्रलाई संस्कृत र नेपाली भाषामा ‘पटचित्र’, नेपालभाषामा ‘पौभाः’ र तिब्बती भाषामा ‘थान्का’ भनिन्छ । कपडाका आकार प्रकार र चित्र लेख्ने विशेषताका आधारमा पटचित्रलाई सात प्रकारमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ — पौभाः चित्र, पटमण्डल, बिलंपौ, धकिंचित्र, हलिपटचित्र, गाछिका चित्र र इलां चित्र । पौभाः चित्र भन्नाले चारपाटे कपडामाथि देवी देवता, धार्मिक अनुष्ठान, समाजमा घटित ऐतिहासिक घटना विशेषको संस्मरण, सामाजिक अवस्था र प्राकृतिक तथा मानवद्वारा निर्मित दृश्य आदि सम्बन्धी चित्रणलाई भनिन्छ । पटमण्डलमा कपडामा मुख्य देवतालाई केन्द्रमा राखेर ज्यामितीय आकारहरूमा ससाना देवताहरूको चित्रबनाउने वा ज्यामितीय आकारहरूमा रङ मात्र प्रयोग गरिन्छ । बिलंपौ प्रायः ३–४ हातदेखि ८–१० हात वा १२ हातसम्म लामो हुन्छ र यस पद्धतिमा कपडामा ऐतिहासिक घटनाव्रmम, पौराणिक कथा, अवदान तथा जातककथाहरूलाई चित्रकथाका रूपमा उतारिन्छ । धकिंचित्र भन्नाले चित्र सहितको कपडालाई आगमकाठाका ढाकामा राखिने चित्र भन्ने बुझिन्छ । धकिंचित्रमा साङ्केतिक चिह्न वा देवीदेवताका चित्र हुन्छ । हलिपट चित्र भन्नालेलिङ्गोमा झुन्ड्याइने चित्र सहितको कप...
Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After the... more Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After their nirvāna, stūpa is raised with relics in the four intersecting paths. Caitya or cetiya indicates beautiful landscapes, holy trees, religious monuments, and respected persons, which are worthy to receive worship. Some major events of Buddha's life are also known as caitya. Buddha also used the word 'cetiya' for beautiful landscapes, which are found in Dīghanikāya. Pāli texts mention that stūpa and caitya are different from each other. Until the first century B.C., the stūpa and caitya are constructed differently and can also be differentiated from their inscriptions. The earlier Buddhist Sanskrt texts Saddharmapuṇḍarika and Prajñāpāramita have instructed monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen to construct the stūpa and venerate the Stūpa through which they will be led to Buddhahood. Afterward, stūpa is also considered as one of the worshipping objects, which has later been a syno...
Democratic Professor's Association Nepal (DIPAN), 2022
लिच्छविकालीक सत्तल काष्ठमण्डप २०७२ सालको महाभूकम्पका कारण पूर्ण रूपमा क्षति भएको थियो । उक्त सत्त... more लिच्छविकालीक सत्तल काष्ठमण्डप २०७२ सालको महाभूकम्पका कारण पूर्ण रूपमा क्षति भएको थियो । उक्त सत्तललाई काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिकाको आर्थिक सहयोगमा काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निर्माण समितिले गरेको पुननिर्माणको अन्तिम चरणतिर काष्ठमण्डपमा रहेका गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशका प्रतिमाहरू पुनस्र्थापना गरेपछि विवाद सृजना भएको छ । सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूले पुरानै मूर्ति राख्नुपर्ने अडान राखेको छ भने काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निमाण समितिले खण्डित मूर्ति पूजा गर्न नहुने भएकोले नयाँ प्रतिमाहरू प्रतिस्थापन गरेको तर्क राख्ने गरेको पाइन्छ । यसरी विवाद सृजना भएर मूर्तिको विषयलाई लिएर सर्वोच्च अदालतमा रिटसमेत दायर भएको थियो । हालसम्म पनि सर्वोच्च अदालतले यस विषयमा निर्णय दिइसकेको अवस्था छैन । तर २०७२ सालको भूकम्प आउनुभन्दा अगाडिसम्म काष्ठमण्डपमा १७ वटा हिन्दू र बौद्ध प्रतिमाहरू तथा ९ वटा ताम्रप्रत्रहरू भएकोमा गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशका हनूमान्ढोका हेरचाह अड्डामा संरक्षित छ भने एउटा हाथु द्यः हनूमानढोकाकै संग्रहालयमा प्रदर्शनमा राखिएको छ । गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशको मात्र विवाद सृजना गराइएको छ तर अरु हराएका १२ वटा हिन्दू र बौद्ध प्रतिमा तथा ताम्रपत्रहरूका विषयमा भने सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूलाई जानकारी नहुुँदा ती प्रतिमाहरू र ताम्रपत्रहरूमा मौन छन् । शास्त्रहरूमा खण्डित मूर्तिहरूमा पूजा गर्दा विभिन्न दोष हुने र परम्परा अनुसार पुरानो मूर्ति हुँदा हुँदै नयाँ मूर्तिहरू पुनस्र्थापना गर्ने ज्ञान नहुँदा काष्ठमण्डपमा ५ वटा नयाँ प्रतिमाहरू पुनस्र्थापना गरे पछि विवाद भएको देखिन्छ । पुरातत्त्व विभाग, काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निमाण समिति र सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूको बीचमा पनि कमजोरी देखिएको छ ।
Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum ̐ sī, K... more Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum ̐ sī, Kartik śukla paksha pratipadā and dvitīyā by all the ethnic groups of Nepal. Even though Tihāra is known as Yamapañcaka, the Newars call it Swonti Nakha:. Although it is celebrated for five days, the three days-Lakṣmīpūjā, Mhapūjā, and kijāpūjā are celebretated as the main days by the Newar community. During these days, jalamaṇḍala, pōtāymaṇḍala, red powdermaṇḍala, tāymandala, pōtāymaṇḍala, new paddymaṇḍala, black soybeanmaṇḍala, gēdāmāsamaṇḍala, ākhēyamaṇḍala, and the dot oilmaṇḍala are placed at the center, and the eight-petal lotus is placed out of the maṇḍalas. The maṇḍalas and the different items used in Swonti nakha: represent five elements. Buddhists consider a maṇḍala as Saṅghamaṇḍala whereas the Hindus believe that a mandala symbolizes various deities. Although the maṇḍala is made for the purpose of worshiping, no uniformity is seen in its features. As the worshipping is done, a spouse of the patriarch sweeps mandalas by a groom from the top to the bottom which is left that that night as it is, and immersed its remains in a holy river the next morning.
Patan Multiple Campus, Department of History and Buddhist Studies, 2022
Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After the... more Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After their nirvāna, stūpa is raised with relics in the four intersecting paths. Caitya or cetiya indicates beautiful landscapes, holy trees, religious monuments, and respected persons, which are worthy to receive worship. Some major events of Buddha's life are also known as caitya. Buddha also used the word 'cetiya' for beautiful landscapes, which are found in Dīghanikāya. Pāli texts mention that stūpa and caitya are different from each other. Until the first century B.C., the stūpa and caitya are constructed differently and can also be differentiated from their inscriptions. The earlier Buddhist Sanskrt texts Saddharmapuṇḍarika and Prajñāpāramita have instructed monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen to construct the stūpa and venerate the Stūpa through which they will be led to Buddhahood. Afterward,stūpa is also considered as one of the worshipping objects, which has later been a synonym with caitya.
मध्यकालमा बुद्ध धर्म डा. जुनु बासुकला रञ्जितकार सारांश सन् ८७९ देखि १२०० सम्मको काललाई राजनैनिक र... more मध्यकालमा बुद्ध धर्म डा. जुनु बासुकला रञ्जितकार सारांश सन् ८७९ देखि १२०० सम्मको काललाई राजनैनिक रुपले अन्धकार युग भनिए पनि बौद्ध धर्मकोबज्रयानको दृष्टिकोणले हेर्दा चरम अवस्थामा पुगेको समय हो । त्यस समय बौद्ध धर्म, दर्शन, संस्कृत भाषाको अध्ययन अध्यायपनको लगि नेपाल, भारत र तिब्बतको अन्तराष्ट्रिय समन्वय हुँदा नेपाल पुलको रुपमा थियो ।यही समयमा संस्कृत बौद्ध साहित्यहरू प्रज्ञापारमिता, सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र, पञ्चरक्षा, नामसंगीति आदि सारेर ग्रन्थ तयार गरी ग्रन्थमा चित्र पनि लेख्ने विकास भएको थियो । बाह्रौँ शताब्दीको अन्त्यतिर भारतमा बौद्ध धर्मको नाशहुनु र यहाँ मल्ल राजाको शासनको शुरू भएपछि काठमाडौँ उपत्यका बज्रयान बौद्ध धर्मको केन्द्र हुनुका साथै तान्त्रिक देवीदेवता पनि केन्द्रस्थल हुन पुग्यो । यहाँका राजाहरूले पनि विहार निर्माण, बौद्ध मूर्ति स्थापना, बौद्धजात्रा गर्नुका साथै तिनीहरू लामो समयसम्म संरक्षण र सम्वद्र्धनको लागि जग्गा जमीनहरू समेत राखे । यहीसमयमा नै ब्राह्मण धर्मको प्रवेश भएपछि खुशीले वा करबलले भिक्षु भिक्षुणीहरू गृहस्थी जीवनमा आउनुका साथै ब्राह्मण धर्ममा जस्तै बौद्धहरूमा पनि का...
The initial stūpas of pre-ancient Nepal were erected using earthen mounds. However, the Pāli and ... more The initial stūpas of pre-ancient Nepal were erected using earthen mounds. However, the Pāli and Sanskrit Buddhist texts do not mention that stūpas have to be earthen mounds. Only the Pāli Jātaka story Sujāta mentions the presence of earthen mound stupa containing the relics of a deceased person. The earthen mound stūpas were initially made in the Indian sub-continent after Buddha’s Mahāparinibbāna. There were ten preliminary stūpas that were erected containing the Buddha’s relics, a vessel and ashes. One of them, Rāmagrāma stūpa, is still in existence in its original form. When Emperor Asoka converted to Buddhism, he erected 84,000 stūpas with small relics of the Buddha, extracting those relics from the seven original stūpas. Not only that, he also went on to enlarge the size of a few original stūpas using bricks in the construction process. Piprahavā stūpa of Kapilvastu, Nibbāna stūpas of Kanakamuni and Krakuchhanda, twin stūpas of Dhamnihavā were renovated by enclosing the earthe...
Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum̐ sī, Ka... more Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum̐ sī, Kartik śukla paksha pratipadā and dvitīyā by all the ethnic groups of Nepal. Even though Tihāra is known as Yamapañcaka, the Newars call it Swonti Nakha:. Although it is celebrated for five days, the three days – Lakṣmīpūjā, Mhapūjā, and kijāpūjā are celebrated as the main days by the Newar community. During these days, jalamaṇḍala, pōtāymaṇḍala, red powdermaṇḍala, tāymandala, pōtāymaṇḍala, new paddymaṇḍala, black soybeanmaṇḍala, gēdāmāsamaṇḍala, ākhēyamaṇḍala, and the dot oilmaṇḍala are placed at the center, and the eight-petal lotus is placed out of the maṇḍalas. The maṇḍalas and the different items used in Swonti nakha: represent five elements. Buddhists consider a maṇḍala as Saṅghamaṇḍala whereas the Hindus believe that a mandala symbolizes various deities. Although the maṇḍala is made for the purpose of worshiping, no uniformity is seen in its features. As the worshipping is done, a s...
SIRJANĀ – A Journal on Arts and Art Education, 2021
कपडामा लेखिएको चित्रलाई संस्कृत र नेपाली भाषामा ‘पटचित्र’, नेपालभाषामा ‘पौभाः’ र तिब्बती भाषामा ‘... more कपडामा लेखिएको चित्रलाई संस्कृत र नेपाली भाषामा ‘पटचित्र’, नेपालभाषामा ‘पौभाः’ र तिब्बती भाषामा ‘थान्का’ भनिन्छ । कपडाका आकार प्रकार र चित्र लेख्ने विशेषताका आधारमा पटचित्रलाई सात प्रकारमा विभाजन गर्न सकिन्छ — पौभाः चित्र, पटमण्डल, बिलंपौ, धकिंचित्र, हलिपटचित्र, गाछिका चित्र र इलां चित्र । पौभाः चित्र भन्नाले चारपाटे कपडामाथि देवी देवता, धार्मिक अनुष्ठान, समाजमा घटित ऐतिहासिक घटना विशेषको संस्मरण, सामाजिक अवस्था र प्राकृतिक तथा मानवद्वारा निर्मित दृश्य आदि सम्बन्धी चित्रणलाई भनिन्छ । पटमण्डलमा कपडामा मुख्य देवतालाई केन्द्रमा राखेर ज्यामितीय आकारहरूमा ससाना देवताहरूको चित्रबनाउने वा ज्यामितीय आकारहरूमा रङ मात्र प्रयोग गरिन्छ । बिलंपौ प्रायः ३–४ हातदेखि ८–१० हात वा १२ हातसम्म लामो हुन्छ र यस पद्धतिमा कपडामा ऐतिहासिक घटनाव्रmम, पौराणिक कथा, अवदान तथा जातककथाहरूलाई चित्रकथाका रूपमा उतारिन्छ । धकिंचित्र भन्नाले चित्र सहितको कपडालाई आगमकाठाका ढाकामा राखिने चित्र भन्ने बुझिन्छ । धकिंचित्रमा साङ्केतिक चिह्न वा देवीदेवताका चित्र हुन्छ । हलिपट चित्र भन्नालेलिङ्गोमा झुन्ड्याइने चित्र सहितको कप...
Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After the... more Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After their nirvāna, stūpa is raised with relics in the four intersecting paths. Caitya or cetiya indicates beautiful landscapes, holy trees, religious monuments, and respected persons, which are worthy to receive worship. Some major events of Buddha's life are also known as caitya. Buddha also used the word 'cetiya' for beautiful landscapes, which are found in Dīghanikāya. Pāli texts mention that stūpa and caitya are different from each other. Until the first century B.C., the stūpa and caitya are constructed differently and can also be differentiated from their inscriptions. The earlier Buddhist Sanskrt texts Saddharmapuṇḍarika and Prajñāpāramita have instructed monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen to construct the stūpa and venerate the Stūpa through which they will be led to Buddhahood. Afterward, stūpa is also considered as one of the worshipping objects, which has later been a syno...
Democratic Professor's Association Nepal (DIPAN), 2022
लिच्छविकालीक सत्तल काष्ठमण्डप २०७२ सालको महाभूकम्पका कारण पूर्ण रूपमा क्षति भएको थियो । उक्त सत्त... more लिच्छविकालीक सत्तल काष्ठमण्डप २०७२ सालको महाभूकम्पका कारण पूर्ण रूपमा क्षति भएको थियो । उक्त सत्तललाई काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिकाको आर्थिक सहयोगमा काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निर्माण समितिले गरेको पुननिर्माणको अन्तिम चरणतिर काष्ठमण्डपमा रहेका गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशका प्रतिमाहरू पुनस्र्थापना गरेपछि विवाद सृजना भएको छ । सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूले पुरानै मूर्ति राख्नुपर्ने अडान राखेको छ भने काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निमाण समितिले खण्डित मूर्ति पूजा गर्न नहुने भएकोले नयाँ प्रतिमाहरू प्रतिस्थापन गरेको तर्क राख्ने गरेको पाइन्छ । यसरी विवाद सृजना भएर मूर्तिको विषयलाई लिएर सर्वोच्च अदालतमा रिटसमेत दायर भएको थियो । हालसम्म पनि सर्वोच्च अदालतले यस विषयमा निर्णय दिइसकेको अवस्था छैन । तर २०७२ सालको भूकम्प आउनुभन्दा अगाडिसम्म काष्ठमण्डपमा १७ वटा हिन्दू र बौद्ध प्रतिमाहरू तथा ९ वटा ताम्रप्रत्रहरू भएकोमा गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशका हनूमान्ढोका हेरचाह अड्डामा संरक्षित छ भने एउटा हाथु द्यः हनूमानढोकाकै संग्रहालयमा प्रदर्शनमा राखिएको छ । गोरखनाथ र चार गणेशको मात्र विवाद सृजना गराइएको छ तर अरु हराएका १२ वटा हिन्दू र बौद्ध प्रतिमा तथा ताम्रपत्रहरूका विषयमा भने सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूलाई जानकारी नहुुँदा ती प्रतिमाहरू र ताम्रपत्रहरूमा मौन छन् । शास्त्रहरूमा खण्डित मूर्तिहरूमा पूजा गर्दा विभिन्न दोष हुने र परम्परा अनुसार पुरानो मूर्ति हुँदा हुँदै नयाँ मूर्तिहरू पुनस्र्थापना गर्ने ज्ञान नहुँदा काष्ठमण्डपमा ५ वटा नयाँ प्रतिमाहरू पुनस्र्थापना गरे पछि विवाद भएको देखिन्छ । पुरातत्त्व विभाग, काष्ठमण्डप पुनर्निमाण समिति र सम्पदाप्रेमीहरूको बीचमा पनि कमजोरी देखिएको छ ।
Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum ̐ sī, K... more Tihāra is celebrated on Aswin krishna paksha trayōdaśī, caturdaśī, and Ashwin krishna aum ̐ sī, Kartik śukla paksha pratipadā and dvitīyā by all the ethnic groups of Nepal. Even though Tihāra is known as Yamapañcaka, the Newars call it Swonti Nakha:. Although it is celebrated for five days, the three days-Lakṣmīpūjā, Mhapūjā, and kijāpūjā are celebretated as the main days by the Newar community. During these days, jalamaṇḍala, pōtāymaṇḍala, red powdermaṇḍala, tāymandala, pōtāymaṇḍala, new paddymaṇḍala, black soybeanmaṇḍala, gēdāmāsamaṇḍala, ākhēyamaṇḍala, and the dot oilmaṇḍala are placed at the center, and the eight-petal lotus is placed out of the maṇḍalas. The maṇḍalas and the different items used in Swonti nakha: represent five elements. Buddhists consider a maṇḍala as Saṅghamaṇḍala whereas the Hindus believe that a mandala symbolizes various deities. Although the maṇḍala is made for the purpose of worshiping, no uniformity is seen in its features. As the worshipping is done, a spouse of the patriarch sweeps mandalas by a groom from the top to the bottom which is left that that night as it is, and immersed its remains in a holy river the next morning.
Patan Multiple Campus, Department of History and Buddhist Studies, 2022
Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After the... more Stūpa is the memorial sign of Buddhas, Pratyekabuddhas, arhatas, and Chakravarti kings. After their nirvāna, stūpa is raised with relics in the four intersecting paths. Caitya or cetiya indicates beautiful landscapes, holy trees, religious monuments, and respected persons, which are worthy to receive worship. Some major events of Buddha's life are also known as caitya. Buddha also used the word 'cetiya' for beautiful landscapes, which are found in Dīghanikāya. Pāli texts mention that stūpa and caitya are different from each other. Until the first century B.C., the stūpa and caitya are constructed differently and can also be differentiated from their inscriptions. The earlier Buddhist Sanskrt texts Saddharmapuṇḍarika and Prajñāpāramita have instructed monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen to construct the stūpa and venerate the Stūpa through which they will be led to Buddhahood. Afterward,stūpa is also considered as one of the worshipping objects, which has later been a synonym with caitya.
मध्यकालमा बुद्ध धर्म डा. जुनु बासुकला रञ्जितकार सारांश सन् ८७९ देखि १२०० सम्मको काललाई राजनैनिक र... more मध्यकालमा बुद्ध धर्म डा. जुनु बासुकला रञ्जितकार सारांश सन् ८७९ देखि १२०० सम्मको काललाई राजनैनिक रुपले अन्धकार युग भनिए पनि बौद्ध धर्मकोबज्रयानको दृष्टिकोणले हेर्दा चरम अवस्थामा पुगेको समय हो । त्यस समय बौद्ध धर्म, दर्शन, संस्कृत भाषाको अध्ययन अध्यायपनको लगि नेपाल, भारत र तिब्बतको अन्तराष्ट्रिय समन्वय हुँदा नेपाल पुलको रुपमा थियो ।यही समयमा संस्कृत बौद्ध साहित्यहरू प्रज्ञापारमिता, सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र, पञ्चरक्षा, नामसंगीति आदि सारेर ग्रन्थ तयार गरी ग्रन्थमा चित्र पनि लेख्ने विकास भएको थियो । बाह्रौँ शताब्दीको अन्त्यतिर भारतमा बौद्ध धर्मको नाशहुनु र यहाँ मल्ल राजाको शासनको शुरू भएपछि काठमाडौँ उपत्यका बज्रयान बौद्ध धर्मको केन्द्र हुनुका साथै तान्त्रिक देवीदेवता पनि केन्द्रस्थल हुन पुग्यो । यहाँका राजाहरूले पनि विहार निर्माण, बौद्ध मूर्ति स्थापना, बौद्धजात्रा गर्नुका साथै तिनीहरू लामो समयसम्म संरक्षण र सम्वद्र्धनको लागि जग्गा जमीनहरू समेत राखे । यहीसमयमा नै ब्राह्मण धर्मको प्रवेश भएपछि खुशीले वा करबलले भिक्षु भिक्षुणीहरू गृहस्थी जीवनमा आउनुका साथै ब्राह्मण धर्ममा जस्तै बौद्धहरूमा पनि का...
The initial stūpas of pre-ancient Nepal were erected using earthen mounds. However, the Pāli and ... more The initial stūpas of pre-ancient Nepal were erected using earthen mounds. However, the Pāli and Sanskrit Buddhist texts do not mention that stūpas have to be earthen mounds. Only the Pāli Jātaka story Sujāta mentions the presence of earthen mound stupa containing the relics of a deceased person. The earthen mound stūpas were initially made in the Indian sub-continent after Buddha’s Mahāparinibbāna. There were ten preliminary stūpas that were erected containing the Buddha’s relics, a vessel and ashes. One of them, Rāmagrāma stūpa, is still in existence in its original form. When Emperor Asoka converted to Buddhism, he erected 84,000 stūpas with small relics of the Buddha, extracting those relics from the seven original stūpas. Not only that, he also went on to enlarge the size of a few original stūpas using bricks in the construction process. Piprahavā stūpa of Kapilvastu, Nibbāna stūpas of Kanakamuni and Krakuchhanda, twin stūpas of Dhamnihavā were renovated by enclosing the earthe...
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