Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and adminis...
Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and adminis...
Alternative aviation fuels such as bio-jet fuels, liquid natural gas (LCH4), hydrogen (H2), elect... more Alternative aviation fuels such as bio-jet fuels, liquid natural gas (LCH4), hydrogen (H2), electro-jet fuels and direct electricity use play an important role in decarbonizing the aviation sector. New aircraft propulsion systems are being developed but low-blending of fuels is possible for some options. It is imperative to understand the technical, environmental and economic performance of the different alternative aviation fuels and the new engine and propulsion technologies for the utilization of these fuels. We have reviewed various literature to map the current status of development on alternative aviation fuels and related aircraft propulsion systems in relation to different perspective such as their cost and technical maturity. There are several challenges related to the design and implementation of the fuels and new propulsion systems. For instance, the volumetric energy content of alternative fuels is lower than the conventional aviation fuels which requires larger fuel sto...
LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Technology Master’s Degree Program in Energy Tec... more LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Technology Master’s Degree Program in Energy Technology Karna Dahal The Combined treatment of UV Light and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) in Grease Filtration Technique
Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. ... more Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. The ultraviolet (UV) turbo system represents an appropriate clean technology solution for purifying kitchen exhaust air. This advanced technique is based on the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reaction using ozone(O3) free UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the catalyst. We tested the UV/TiO2 technique in the laboratory and a real kitchen environment to confirm the efficiency of grease and odor removal. We carried out laboratory testing of the UV turbo system for grease removal by analyzing exhaust air samples collected from a laboratory ventilation duct. Hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds in samples were analyzed with a spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal i...
Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and administrative boundaries. Helsinki Metropolitan area is comprised of four municipalities creating challenges in agreeing upon integrated approaches to climate mitigation agendas to combat climate change and implement carbon neutral target by 2050. We extracted several sectorial and citywide carbon emissions and emission production rates (MtCO2e, KgCO2e/inhabitant) from the online databases, re-calculated them, and constructed tables and graphs to show the development of emission reductions in each city in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. Then, we studied various factors that intervene on the development of emission reduction actions and implementation of climate strategies through interview methods. We also interviewed several energy and climate experts from various environmental institutions and city officials to recognize the challenges for carbon neutral targets. Cities in Helsinki Metropolitan area produce 43.8 % emissions from DH, 26.9 % emissions from transport, 12.5 % emissions from electricity consumption, and 12.9 % emissions from electricity and separate heating from their total emissions production. Thus, reducing emissions from these sectors is vital. Robust implementation measures to include energy transition to clean energy development, awareness programs, and citizen engagements to climate actions are vital to achieving the carbon neutral target by 2050. Strong political commitments from central government and city councils in Helsinki area is required to collaborative climate actions to accomplish the carbon neutral target.
Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. ... more Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. The ultraviolet (UV) turbo system represents an appropriate clean technology solution for purifying kitchen exhaust air. This advanced technique is based on the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reaction using ozone- (O3) free UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the catalyst. We tested the UV/TiO2 technique in the laboratory and a real kitchen environment to confirm the efficiency of grease and odor removal. We carried out laboratory testing of the UV turbo system for grease removal by analyzing exhaust air samples collected from a laboratory ventilation duct. Hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds in samples were analyzed with a spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal in two restaurants applying the same techniques used in laboratory tests. The PCO method used in the UV turbo system proved beneficial for grease and odor removal, removing 100% of grease spatters >2 µm and more than 50% of grease vapors <2 µm. In addition, the system eliminates about 89% of odor produced in the kitchen. This technique does not consume any ozone, while TiO2 acts as a green catalyst, and works efficiently with 24-W UV power carrying fire prevention capabilities. Thus, we found that the UV turbo system is green and safe.
Energy transition is the process of transforming currently used fossil fuel based energy practice... more Energy transition is the process of transforming currently used fossil fuel based energy practices to low carbon emissions producing clean and renewable energy utilization practices. Low carbon energy transition to carbon neutrality, a multi-faceted process, aims to reduce carbon emissions, which also helps to create a balanced relationship between social, economic, and environmental concerns. It needs a robust, transparent and accurate emissions accounting method to measure carbon emissions periodically that provides cities a basis to scrutinize their climate activities and carbon emission rates. The role of local actors such as cities in low carbon energy transition to carbon neutrality is vital since the world’s cities consume 64% of global primary energy and produce more than 70 % of global anthropogenic carbon emissions. I study the contemporary practices and policies for energy transition to carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area as a case to demonstrate how local level climate and energy strategies, as well as corresponding activities, are vital to reducing carbon emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation. Although cities generate major emissions, they can also provide many opportunities to adopt various energy and climate policy measures such as renewable energy deployment and energy efficiency improvements to significantly reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Their climate and energy strategies can turn into effective measures to significantly reduce carbon emissions. This dissertation employs the combination of comparative and case study methods, including both qualitative and quantitative data, to advance a holistic understanding of carbon neutrality. I analyzed empirical material collected from various administrative and research organizations and online database systems in four case cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan area and two other Nordic capitals, employing concepts and several analytical frameworks. The applied concepts, selected analytical frameworks, data used, and geographical context of the research have both benefits and limitations. Although the theoretical concept of carbon neutrality varies depending on the context of environmental solutions, I emphasize the applied concept of carbon neutrality in this dissertation as a guide for cities to act upon their environmental solutions to global warming and climate change in relation to activities towards carbon emission reduction in their jurisdictional boundaries. Research results in this dissertation are expected to be a support for adopting carbon neutrality at the local level in terms of energy-based carbon emissions reduction activities. My results also alert cities to adopt a transparent, consistent, and inclusive carbon accounting method. Knowledge produced in this dissertation can be applied in the decision-making processes of public administrations and practised at the local level for the establishment of a carbon neutral society. It also helps to advance our knowledge of carbon neutrality.
Renewable energy policies are necessary for achieving carbon neutrality which is the main goal fo... more Renewable energy policies are necessary for achieving carbon neutrality which is the main goal for climate change mitigation. The cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan area have committed themselves to significantly reducing carbon emissions through various climate measures including some measures for renewable energy utilization. We use multilevel perspective (MLP) and renewable energy frameworks to examine the role of renewable energy policies to carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area and base our analysis on various policy documents and semi-structured interviews. Our findings show that current renewable energy policies in the Helsinki Metropolitan area are weak and many challenges exist. Nevertheless, many options are available for improving existing policies. The cities have many opportunities to adopt various energy policy measures, including small-scale renewable energy production in building premises, renewable energy integration to district heating, demand-side solutions for energy utilization, and increasing budgets and subsidies to renewable energy production and enhancement of the social acceptance of renewable energy. Such additional policies are needed to reach carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area.
Helsinki Metropolitan area possesses significant solar potential, which can be utilized by instal... more Helsinki Metropolitan area possesses significant solar potential, which can be utilized by installing solar panels and collectors in the cities’ public and private premises to fulfill the emission reduction targets. However, current development of solar energy production in the region is in its infancy. This paper outlines how current state of solar energy utilization can be improved in public and private buildings and utility companies in the Helsinki Metropolitan area in terms of costs and financial mechanisms. We applied document analysis and semi-structured interview methods to study the role of solar energy for carbon neutrality in this area. The analyses showed that the Metropolitan cities do not have clear electricity production targets from solar energy yet. Furthermore, their subsidy schemes and financial measures for solar energy productions are not attractive for the promotion of solar energy. Thus, we propose the Metropolitan cities to adopt a policy outlining that a certain percentage (e.g. 20%) of energy should be produced from solar energy to achieve the 20% renewable energy target by 2020. Financial incentives and subsidy schemes for solar power installations should be more tempting and accessible to private and public building owners.
Cities generally adopt territorial- or production-based rather than consumption-based emissions a... more Cities generally adopt territorial- or production-based rather than consumption-based emissions accounting systems but they find difficult to adopt a specific emissions standard. Due to the diverse calculation methodologies cities use, inter-city emission reductions and climate action comparisons remain challenging. It is crucial to learn how cities address climate change mitigation and adaptation in terms of the emissions accounting methodologies they use, their links to existing city-level international emission standards, and the consistency of those methods used by cities to improve the quality of emissions standards. Normative case study method was applied to explore these issues in three different case cities: Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), and Copenhagen (Denmark). The current calculation methods used in these cities exclude many indirect emissions, and these cities have not adopted consumption-based emissions. Cities also face several dilemmas in system boundaries and baseline year setting, emissions factors calculations, and data collection methods using current calculation methods. All three case cities have adopted amendable emissions accounting systems which exclude certain amounts of emissions from several sectors. Therefore, emission calculation methods must be improved to include all possible sectors and to produce more robust and transparent calculation methods.
Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and adminis...
Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and adminis...
Alternative aviation fuels such as bio-jet fuels, liquid natural gas (LCH4), hydrogen (H2), elect... more Alternative aviation fuels such as bio-jet fuels, liquid natural gas (LCH4), hydrogen (H2), electro-jet fuels and direct electricity use play an important role in decarbonizing the aviation sector. New aircraft propulsion systems are being developed but low-blending of fuels is possible for some options. It is imperative to understand the technical, environmental and economic performance of the different alternative aviation fuels and the new engine and propulsion technologies for the utilization of these fuels. We have reviewed various literature to map the current status of development on alternative aviation fuels and related aircraft propulsion systems in relation to different perspective such as their cost and technical maturity. There are several challenges related to the design and implementation of the fuels and new propulsion systems. For instance, the volumetric energy content of alternative fuels is lower than the conventional aviation fuels which requires larger fuel sto...
LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Technology Master’s Degree Program in Energy Tec... more LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Technology Master’s Degree Program in Energy Technology Karna Dahal The Combined treatment of UV Light and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) in Grease Filtration Technique
Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. ... more Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. The ultraviolet (UV) turbo system represents an appropriate clean technology solution for purifying kitchen exhaust air. This advanced technique is based on the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reaction using ozone(O3) free UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the catalyst. We tested the UV/TiO2 technique in the laboratory and a real kitchen environment to confirm the efficiency of grease and odor removal. We carried out laboratory testing of the UV turbo system for grease removal by analyzing exhaust air samples collected from a laboratory ventilation duct. Hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds in samples were analyzed with a spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal i...
Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around ... more Cities are key actors in global and country level climate mitigation efforts. Many cities around the world are committed to significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through climate strategies including carbon neutrality. The City of Helsinki and the Helsinki Metropolitan area (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, and Kauniainen) intend to become carbon neutral by 2050. However, accomplishing this goal poses a core set of challenges. Political issues within the city government, poor co-operation among the cities, and the slow development of carbon reduction actions in two or three metropolitan cities are the dominant challenges for the achievement of carbon neutral goal. The cities are usually weakened due to the limited power to raise the revenues to finance infrastructures investments and programmatic actions for climate change adaptations and mitigations. They also face limitations on the consistency and comparability of energy and emissions data due to jurisdictional and administrative boundaries. Helsinki Metropolitan area is comprised of four municipalities creating challenges in agreeing upon integrated approaches to climate mitigation agendas to combat climate change and implement carbon neutral target by 2050. We extracted several sectorial and citywide carbon emissions and emission production rates (MtCO2e, KgCO2e/inhabitant) from the online databases, re-calculated them, and constructed tables and graphs to show the development of emission reductions in each city in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. Then, we studied various factors that intervene on the development of emission reduction actions and implementation of climate strategies through interview methods. We also interviewed several energy and climate experts from various environmental institutions and city officials to recognize the challenges for carbon neutral targets. Cities in Helsinki Metropolitan area produce 43.8 % emissions from DH, 26.9 % emissions from transport, 12.5 % emissions from electricity consumption, and 12.9 % emissions from electricity and separate heating from their total emissions production. Thus, reducing emissions from these sectors is vital. Robust implementation measures to include energy transition to clean energy development, awareness programs, and citizen engagements to climate actions are vital to achieving the carbon neutral target by 2050. Strong political commitments from central government and city councils in Helsinki area is required to collaborative climate actions to accomplish the carbon neutral target.
Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. ... more Cooking activities generate dirty exhaust air containing grease particles and odorous compounds. The ultraviolet (UV) turbo system represents an appropriate clean technology solution for purifying kitchen exhaust air. This advanced technique is based on the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reaction using ozone- (O3) free UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the catalyst. We tested the UV/TiO2 technique in the laboratory and a real kitchen environment to confirm the efficiency of grease and odor removal. We carried out laboratory testing of the UV turbo system for grease removal by analyzing exhaust air samples collected from a laboratory ventilation duct. Hydrocarbon (C-H) bonds in samples were analyzed with a spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal in two restaurants applying the same techniques used in laboratory tests. The PCO method used in the UV turbo system proved beneficial for grease and odor removal, removing 100% of grease spatters >2 µm and more than 50% of grease vapors <2 µm. In addition, the system eliminates about 89% of odor produced in the kitchen. This technique does not consume any ozone, while TiO2 acts as a green catalyst, and works efficiently with 24-W UV power carrying fire prevention capabilities. Thus, we found that the UV turbo system is green and safe.
Energy transition is the process of transforming currently used fossil fuel based energy practice... more Energy transition is the process of transforming currently used fossil fuel based energy practices to low carbon emissions producing clean and renewable energy utilization practices. Low carbon energy transition to carbon neutrality, a multi-faceted process, aims to reduce carbon emissions, which also helps to create a balanced relationship between social, economic, and environmental concerns. It needs a robust, transparent and accurate emissions accounting method to measure carbon emissions periodically that provides cities a basis to scrutinize their climate activities and carbon emission rates. The role of local actors such as cities in low carbon energy transition to carbon neutrality is vital since the world’s cities consume 64% of global primary energy and produce more than 70 % of global anthropogenic carbon emissions. I study the contemporary practices and policies for energy transition to carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area as a case to demonstrate how local level climate and energy strategies, as well as corresponding activities, are vital to reducing carbon emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation. Although cities generate major emissions, they can also provide many opportunities to adopt various energy and climate policy measures such as renewable energy deployment and energy efficiency improvements to significantly reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Their climate and energy strategies can turn into effective measures to significantly reduce carbon emissions. This dissertation employs the combination of comparative and case study methods, including both qualitative and quantitative data, to advance a holistic understanding of carbon neutrality. I analyzed empirical material collected from various administrative and research organizations and online database systems in four case cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan area and two other Nordic capitals, employing concepts and several analytical frameworks. The applied concepts, selected analytical frameworks, data used, and geographical context of the research have both benefits and limitations. Although the theoretical concept of carbon neutrality varies depending on the context of environmental solutions, I emphasize the applied concept of carbon neutrality in this dissertation as a guide for cities to act upon their environmental solutions to global warming and climate change in relation to activities towards carbon emission reduction in their jurisdictional boundaries. Research results in this dissertation are expected to be a support for adopting carbon neutrality at the local level in terms of energy-based carbon emissions reduction activities. My results also alert cities to adopt a transparent, consistent, and inclusive carbon accounting method. Knowledge produced in this dissertation can be applied in the decision-making processes of public administrations and practised at the local level for the establishment of a carbon neutral society. It also helps to advance our knowledge of carbon neutrality.
Renewable energy policies are necessary for achieving carbon neutrality which is the main goal fo... more Renewable energy policies are necessary for achieving carbon neutrality which is the main goal for climate change mitigation. The cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan area have committed themselves to significantly reducing carbon emissions through various climate measures including some measures for renewable energy utilization. We use multilevel perspective (MLP) and renewable energy frameworks to examine the role of renewable energy policies to carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area and base our analysis on various policy documents and semi-structured interviews. Our findings show that current renewable energy policies in the Helsinki Metropolitan area are weak and many challenges exist. Nevertheless, many options are available for improving existing policies. The cities have many opportunities to adopt various energy policy measures, including small-scale renewable energy production in building premises, renewable energy integration to district heating, demand-side solutions for energy utilization, and increasing budgets and subsidies to renewable energy production and enhancement of the social acceptance of renewable energy. Such additional policies are needed to reach carbon neutrality in the Helsinki Metropolitan area.
Helsinki Metropolitan area possesses significant solar potential, which can be utilized by instal... more Helsinki Metropolitan area possesses significant solar potential, which can be utilized by installing solar panels and collectors in the cities’ public and private premises to fulfill the emission reduction targets. However, current development of solar energy production in the region is in its infancy. This paper outlines how current state of solar energy utilization can be improved in public and private buildings and utility companies in the Helsinki Metropolitan area in terms of costs and financial mechanisms. We applied document analysis and semi-structured interview methods to study the role of solar energy for carbon neutrality in this area. The analyses showed that the Metropolitan cities do not have clear electricity production targets from solar energy yet. Furthermore, their subsidy schemes and financial measures for solar energy productions are not attractive for the promotion of solar energy. Thus, we propose the Metropolitan cities to adopt a policy outlining that a certain percentage (e.g. 20%) of energy should be produced from solar energy to achieve the 20% renewable energy target by 2020. Financial incentives and subsidy schemes for solar power installations should be more tempting and accessible to private and public building owners.
Cities generally adopt territorial- or production-based rather than consumption-based emissions a... more Cities generally adopt territorial- or production-based rather than consumption-based emissions accounting systems but they find difficult to adopt a specific emissions standard. Due to the diverse calculation methodologies cities use, inter-city emission reductions and climate action comparisons remain challenging. It is crucial to learn how cities address climate change mitigation and adaptation in terms of the emissions accounting methodologies they use, their links to existing city-level international emission standards, and the consistency of those methods used by cities to improve the quality of emissions standards. Normative case study method was applied to explore these issues in three different case cities: Helsinki (Finland), Stockholm (Sweden), and Copenhagen (Denmark). The current calculation methods used in these cities exclude many indirect emissions, and these cities have not adopted consumption-based emissions. Cities also face several dilemmas in system boundaries and baseline year setting, emissions factors calculations, and data collection methods using current calculation methods. All three case cities have adopted amendable emissions accounting systems which exclude certain amounts of emissions from several sectors. Therefore, emission calculation methods must be improved to include all possible sectors and to produce more robust and transparent calculation methods.
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spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal in two restaurants applying the same techniques used in laboratory tests. The PCO method used in the UV turbo system proved beneficial for grease and odor removal, removing 100% of grease spatters >2 µm and more than 50% of grease vapors <2 µm. In addition, the system eliminates about 89% of odor produced in the kitchen. This technique does not consume any ozone, while TiO2 acts as a green catalyst, and works efficiently with 24-W UV power carrying fire prevention capabilities. Thus, we found that the UV turbo system is green and safe.
spectroscopy method using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) machine. Odor removal tests for kitchen exhaust air were completed using an OMX-SRM handheld odor meter according to the methodology described in the manual. We carried out field tests for odor removal in two restaurants applying the same techniques used in laboratory tests. The PCO method used in the UV turbo system proved beneficial for grease and odor removal, removing 100% of grease spatters >2 µm and more than 50% of grease vapors <2 µm. In addition, the system eliminates about 89% of odor produced in the kitchen. This technique does not consume any ozone, while TiO2 acts as a green catalyst, and works efficiently with 24-W UV power carrying fire prevention capabilities. Thus, we found that the UV turbo system is green and safe.