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- Control Variables The control variables come from a range of sources. For the analysis of the pre-colonial era, the developed geo-referenced dataset on within-ethnic-group genetic diversity and ethnographic information contains a wide range of variables (see Ashraf et al., 2015, for more information on the data). Since the data is partly based on Fenske (2013), it includes a range of geographic variables derived by him, in addition to geographic variables derived by the authors. These geographic variables include elevation, ruggedness, length and density of rivers in the area, share of desert on the area, as well as the average climatic suitability for agriculture (as constructed by Ramankutty et al. (2002) and also used by Michalopoulos (2012)), average temperature, and average diurnal temperature range over the period 1901– 2012 as constructed by the Climate Research Unit (see Harris et al., 2014).
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- The irrigation measure is based on the “area equipped for irrigation†data of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas, version 5.0 (Siebert et al., 2013). Specifications marked with “Continental FE†accounts for sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and continental fixed e↵ects. Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors are reported in parentheses. *** Significant at the 1 percent level. ** Significant at the 5 percent level. * Significant at the 10 percent level.
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- This table shows the robustness of the findings in Table 11 and B.28 to using a measure of indigenous democracy (rather than indigenous autocracy) that is derived from an alternative aggregation procedure from the ethnic group level to the country level, based on Giuliano and Nunn (2013) (see Alesina et al. (2013) for an explanation of the methodology used in the construction of the data). This procedure generates a larger sample of countries with aggregated institutional information.
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