History of science: Difference between revisions
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{{Wikidata Infobox}} |
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==Organizations, societies and institutions== |
==Organizations, societies and institutions== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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1655 - Frontispiece of Museum Wormiani Historia.jpg|{{VI-tiny}} Ole Worm's Cabinet of Curiosities (1655)|alt=Ole Worm's Cabinet of Curiosities (1655) |
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Académie des Sciences 1698.jpg|Académie des Sciences (1698) |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Instruments and laboratories== |
==Instruments and laboratories== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Armillary sphere escorial.jpg|Armillary sphere, ca. 1582 |
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File:Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg|Astrolabe, 18th century |
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File:Orrery small.jpg|Orrery |
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File:JPriestley BurningLamp.jpg|Burning lamp |
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File:Musée_des_Papeteries_Canson_et_Montgolfier_35.jpg|Montgolfier |
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File:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85.jpg |
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File:Edison_labs_-_Henry_Ford_Museum_-_Detroit.jpg|Edison labs |
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File:Liebigmuseum_Analytisches_Labor.jpg |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Portraits== |
==Portraits== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|[[:Category:Plato|Plato]] and [[:Category:Aristotle|Aristotle]] (1509) |
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File:Claudius Ptolemaeus.jpg|[[:Category:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] (medieval) |
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File:Vesalius Fabrica portrait.jpg|Vesalius (1543) |
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File:Nicolaus Copernicus. Reproduction of line engraving.jpg|{{VI seal}} [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] |
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Image:Vesalius Fabrica portrait.jpg|Vesalius (1543) |
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File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|Copernicus (early 16th century) |
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File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|Galilei (1636) |
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File:Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|Johannes Kepler (1610) |
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File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|René Descartes |
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File:The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle.jpg|Robert Boyle (1689) |
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Image:Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.jpg|Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1700) |
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File:Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.jpg|Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1700) |
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Image:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|Isaac Newton (1689) |
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File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|Isaac Newton (1689) |
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Image:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|Leonhard Euler |
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File:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|Leonhard Euler |
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Image:Carl von Linné.jpg|Carolus Linnaeus (1775) |
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File:Carl von Linné.jpg|Carolus Linnaeus (1775) |
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Image:Buffon 1707-1788.jpg|Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |
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File:Buffon 1707-1788.jpg|Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |
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Image:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg|Pierre-Simon Laplace |
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File:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg|Pierre-Simon Laplace |
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Image:Alexandre humboldt.jpg|Alexander von Humboldt (1806) |
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File:Fourier.jpg|[[Joseph Fourier]] |
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Image:Bolton-lyell.jpg|Charles Lyell |
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File:Alexandre humboldt.jpg|Alexander von Humboldt (1806) |
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Image:Michael Faraday - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg|Michael Faraday |
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File:PSM V01 D242 and V20 D610 Charles Lyell.jpg|Charles Lyell |
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File:Michael Faraday - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg|Michael Faraday |
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Image:Tableau Louis Pasteur.jpg|Louis Pasteur (1885) |
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File:Charles Darwin by Julia Margaret Cameron, c. 1868.jpg|{{FP star}} [[Charles Darwin]] (1868) |
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Image:Lord Kelvin photograph.jpg|William Thomson, Lord Kelvin |
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File:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier.jpg|{{FP star}} [[Charles Darwin]] |
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Image:James Clerk Maxwell.jpg|James Clerk Maxwell |
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Paul Nadar - Henri Becquerel.jpg|{{FP star}} [[Henri Becquerel]] |
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Image:Niels Bohr Date Unverified LOC.jpg|Niels Bohr |
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File:Tableau Louis Pasteur.jpg|Louis Pasteur (1885) |
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File:Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit.jpg|Louis Pasteur |
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Image:Albert Einstein Head cleaned.jpg|Albert Einstein (1947) |
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File:Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin by T. & R. Annan & Sons.jpg|{{FP star}} William Thomson, Lord Kelvin |
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Image:JamesDWatson.jpg|James D. Watson |
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File:James Clerk Maxwell.jpg|James Clerk Maxwell |
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File:Niels Bohr Date Unverified LOC.jpg|Niels Bohr |
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File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|Thomas Hunt Morgan (1891) |
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File:Albert Einstein Head cleaned.jpg|[[:Category:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] (1947) |
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File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|{{VI seal}} [[:Category:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] (1947) |
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File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|{{VI seal}} [[Robert Oppenheimer]] |
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File:Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) shown in her laboratory in 1947.jpg|{{FP star}} Barbara McClintock (1947) |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Frontispieces and title pages== |
==Frontispieces and title pages== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Vesalius01.jpg|''De corporis humani fabrica'' by Vesalius (1543) |
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File:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.jpg|''De revolutionibus'' by Copernicus (1543) |
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File:Bacon_Great_Instauration_frontispiece.jpg|''Instauratio magna'' by Bacon (1620) |
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File:Libr0309.jpg|''Tabulae Rudolphinae'' by Kepler (1627) |
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File:Frontpage of Dialogo di Galileo Galilei Linceo.png|''Dialogo'' by Galileo (1632) |
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File:Descartes Discourse on Method.png|''Discours de la Methode'' by Descartes (1637) |
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File:161Theophrastus 161 frontespizio.jpg|''Historia Plantarum'' by Theophrastus (1644) |
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File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg|''Principia Mathematica'' by Newton (1686) |
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File:Opticks.jpg|''Opticks'' by Newton (1704) |
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File:Voltaire Philosophy of Newton frontispiece.jpg|''Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton'' by Voltaire (1738) |
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File:Encyclopedie frontispice full 473px.jpg|''Encyclopedie'' of Diderot (1751) |
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File:Systema Naturae cover.jpg|''Systema Naturae'' by Linnaeus (10th ed., 1758) |
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File:Erasmus Darwin Temple of Nature.jpg|''The Temple of Nature'' by Erasmus Darwin (1803) |
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File:Origin of Species.jpg|''Origin of Species'' by Charles Darwin (1859) |
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File:Huxley - Mans Place in Nature.jpg|''Man's Place in Nature'' by Huxley (1863) |
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File:Science_for_all_(IA_b21497692_0005).pdf|pdf |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Science and religion== |
==Science and religion== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|''Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition'' by Cristiano Banti (1857) |
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File:Galileo before the Holy Office.jpg|''Galileo before the Holy Office'' by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury |
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File:Daniel Huntington Philosophy and Christian Art.jpg|''Philosophy and Christian Art'' by Daniel Huntington (1868) |
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File:Tiffany Education (center).JPG|Detail from ''[[:File:Tiffany Education.JPG|Education]]'' by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1890) |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===[[:Category:History of astronomy|Astronomy]]=== |
===[[:Category:History of astronomy|Astronomy]]=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:William Herschel-1876-Memoir-illustration.jpeg |Sir William Herschel |
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Image:Theorice Novae Planetarum.jpg|Diagrams from ''Theorice Novae Planetarum'' by George Puerbach |
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File:Caroline Herschel-1876-Memoir-frontispiece.jpeg|Caroline Herschel |
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Image:Antoine Caron Astronomers Studying an Eclipse.jpg|''Astronomers Studying an Eclipse'' by Antoine Caron (1571) |
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File:PSM V71 D576 Maria Mitchell.png|Maria Mitchell |
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Image:Kepler-solar-system-1.png|Diagram from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' by Johannes Kepler (1596) |
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File:Theorice Novae Planetarum.jpg|Diagrams from ''Theorice Novae Planetarum'' by George Puerbach |
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Image:Chinese astronomer 1675.jpg|''A priest-astronomer in the Chinese tradition'' by Ferdinand Verbiest (1675) |
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File:Antoine Caron Astronomers Studying an Eclipse.jpg|''Astronomers Studying an Eclipse'' by Antoine Caron (1571) |
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Image:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|''A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery'' by Joseph Wright of Derby (ca. 1766) |
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File:Kepler-solar-system-1.png|Diagram from ''Mysterium Cosmographicum'' by Johannes Kepler (1596) |
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Image:Flammarion.jpg|The "Flammarion Woodcut" (1888) |
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File:Utagawa_Kuniyoshi,_Portrait_of_Chicasei_Goyô_(Wu_Yong)_(1827–1830).jpg|''A priest-astronomer in the Chinese tradition'' by Ferdinand Verbiest (1675) |
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Image:Watchers of the Stars.jpg|''L'Astronomie'' tapestry |
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File:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|{{FP star}} ''A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery'' by Joseph Wright of Derby (ca. 1766) |
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File:Flammarion.jpg|The "Flammarion Woodcut" (1888) |
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File:Watchers of the Stars.jpg|''L'Astronomie'' tapestry |
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File:Webb's First Deep Field.jpg|{{FP star}} "Webb’s First Deep Field", image of galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===Biology=== |
===Biology=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|Detail from ''De arte venandi cum avibus'', late 13th century |
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File:Cork Micrographia Hooke.png|Illustration of cork from Robert Hooke's ''Micrographia'' |
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File:Darwins first tree.jpg|Sketch of Darwin's first evolutionary tree |
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File:Morgan crossover 1.jpg|Illustration of chromosomes crossing over by Thomas Hunt Morgan |
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File:Preserved_specimens_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04699.JPG|specimens |
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File:Sinopterus dongi NMNS.jpg|{{VI seal}} Fossil specimen of early Cretaceous pterosaur ''Sinopterus dongi'' |
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File:Philydrosaurus proseilus NMNS.jpg|{{QI seal}} Fossil specimen of ''Philydrosaurus proseilus'' |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===[[Chemistry]] and [[Alchemy]]=== |
===[[Chemistry]] and [[Alchemy]]=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Hieronymus Brunschwig Liber de arte Distillandi CHF AQ13x3.jpg |Hieronymus Brunschwig ''Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis'' (Strassburg, 1512) |
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Image:Amphitheatrum_sapientiae_aeternae_-_Alchemist's_Laboratory.jpg|''Alchemist's Laboratory'' by Heinrich Khunrath (1595) |
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Amphitheatrum_sapientiae_aeternae_-_Alchemist's_Laboratory.jpg|''Alchemist's Laboratory'' by Heinrich Khunrath (1595) |
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Image:SantoriosMeal.jpg|Santorio Santorio's device for measuring weight before and after eating (1614) |
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SantoriosMeal.jpg|Santorio Santorio's device for measuring weight before and after eating (1614) |
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Image:Pietro Longhi 021.jpg|''Die Alchemisten'' by Pietro Longhi (1757) |
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Alchemist Filling Wet Drug Jars FA 2000.001.282.jpg | ''Alchemist Filling Wet Drug Jars'', 17th C. |
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Image:Wright Alchemist.jpg|''The Alchemist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone'' by Joseph Wright of Derby (1771) |
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Ca' Rezzonico - Gli alchimisti 1757 - Pietro Longhi.jpg|{{VI-tiny}} ''Gli alchimisti'' by Pietro Longhi (1757)|alt=Gli alchimisti by Pietro Longhi (1757) |
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Image:William Fettes Douglas - The Alchemist.jpg|''The Alchemist'' by William Fettes Douglas |
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Wright Alchemist.jpg|''The Alchemist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone'' by Joseph Wright of Derby (1771) |
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Image:Carl Spitzweg 015.jpg|''Der Alchimist'' by Carl Spitzweg (1860) |
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Van Bentum Explosion in the Alchemist’s Laboratory FA 2000.001.285.jpg| Justus van Bentum, ''The Explosion in the Alchemist’s Laboratory'', 17/18th C. |
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Image:Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG|''Alchemist Sędziwój'' by Jan Matejko (1867) |
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The Medical Alchemist by Janneck FA.2000.00.275.jpg | Franz Christoph Janneck, ''The Medical Alchemist'', !8th C. |
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Image:DNA Model Crick-Watson.jpg|Reconstruction of the Watson-Crick DNA model |
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William Fettes Douglas - The Alchemist.jpg|''The Alchemist'' by William Fettes Douglas |
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Carl Spitzweg 015.jpg|''Der Alchimist'' by Carl Spitzweg (1860) |
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Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG|''Alchemist Sędziwój'' by Jan Matejko (1867) |
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Thomas Wijck Alchemist in his Study FA 2000.001.280.jpg|Thomas Wijck, '' Alchemist in His Study with a Woman Making Lace'', 17th C. |
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DNA Model Crick-Watson.jpg|Reconstruction of the Watson-Crick DNA model |
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File:Het_laboratorium_van_de_fabriek_op_Madura_1910_(titel_op_object)_Photographieën_(serietitel),_RP-F-2001-17-12-100.jpg|lab 1910 |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===Earth sciences=== |
===Earth sciences=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Stenoshark.jpg|Shark's head illustration by Nicolas Steno |
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File:Humboldt1805-chimborazo.jpg|Biogeographical illustration by Alexander von Humboldt |
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File:Duria Antiquior.jpg|Henry de la Beche watercolor of fossil life |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===Mathematics=== |
===Mathematics=== |
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<gallery> |
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universe start mathmatics on motive quary-delta thatthe singleness own became serve for civilatation.Is (-) nd </> to D. |
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File:Leonhard Euler - Jakob Emanuel Handmann (Kunstmuseum Basel).jpg|{{FP star}} [[Leonhard Euler]] |
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File:Thomas Phillips - Mary Fairfax, Mrs William Somerville, 1780 - 1872. Writer on science - Google Art Project.jpg|Mary Fairfax, Mrs William Somerville (1834) |
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File:Benoit Mandelbrot mg 1804-d.jpg|{{VI seal}} [[Benoît Mandelbrot]] |
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</gallery> |
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===Medicine=== |
===Medicine=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Paracelsus.jpg|Paracelsus |
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File:Wilhelm_Fabry.jpg|Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon, photo of bust in marketplace of birth town |
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File:Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp.jpg|Rembrandt: Anatomie des Dr. Tulp |
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File:Signaturenlehre.png|{{de|Sympathische Entsprechungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren ([[:de:Signaturenlehre|Signaturen]]). Holzschnitt nach Auffassung [[:de:Giambattista della Porta|Giambattista della Portas]] (16. Jh.)}} |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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===Physics=== |
===Physics=== |
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<gallery> |
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File:Emilie Chatelet portrait by Latour.jpg|Madame Du Châtelet at her desk, by De La Tour, 18th century |
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File:Marie Curie (Nobel-Chem).png|Marie Curie (born Maria Salomea Skłodowska), Nobel Prize, (1911) |
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File:Solvay conference 1927 Version2.jpg|{{FP star}} Solvay conference 1927 |
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File:Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg|Lise Meitner (1946) |
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</gallery> |
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===Social sciences=== |
===Social sciences=== |
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===Technology=== |
===Technology=== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:John Harrison Uhrmacher.jpg|John Harrison |
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File:Ada Lovelace.jpg|Ada Lovelace, by Margaret Sarah Carpenter, 1836 |
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File:Charles Babbage by Samuel Laurence.jpg|Charles Babbage, by Samuel Lawrence, 1845 |
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File:S-IC engines and Von Braun.jpg|{{FP star}} [[Wernher von Braun]] |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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[[Category:History of science]] |
[[Category:History of science]] |
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[[Category:Gallery pages about history]] |
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[[Category:Gallery pages about science]] |
Revision as of 12:29, 29 April 2024
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Organizations, societies and institutions
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Académie des Sciences (1698)
Instruments and laboratories
-
Armillary sphere, ca. 1582
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Astrolabe, 18th century
-
Orrery
-
Burning lamp
-
Montgolfier
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Edison labs
Portraits
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Ptolemy (medieval)
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Vesalius (1543)
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Copernicus (early 16th century)
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Galilei (1636)
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Johannes Kepler (1610)
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René Descartes
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Robert Boyle (1689)
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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1700)
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Isaac Newton (1689)
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Leonhard Euler
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Carolus Linnaeus (1775)
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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
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Pierre-Simon Laplace
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Alexander von Humboldt (1806)
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Charles Lyell
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Michael Faraday
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Charles Darwin (1868)
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Louis Pasteur (1885)
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Louis Pasteur
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James Clerk Maxwell
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Niels Bohr
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Thomas Hunt Morgan (1891)
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Albert Einstein (1947)
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Albert Einstein (1947)
Frontispieces and title pages
-
De corporis humani fabrica by Vesalius (1543)
-
De revolutionibus by Copernicus (1543)
-
Instauratio magna by Bacon (1620)
-
Tabulae Rudolphinae by Kepler (1627)
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Dialogo by Galileo (1632)
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Discours de la Methode by Descartes (1637)
-
Historia Plantarum by Theophrastus (1644)
-
Principia Mathematica by Newton (1686)
-
Opticks by Newton (1704)
-
Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton by Voltaire (1738)
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Encyclopedie of Diderot (1751)
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Systema Naturae by Linnaeus (10th ed., 1758)
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The Temple of Nature by Erasmus Darwin (1803)
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Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1859)
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Man's Place in Nature by Huxley (1863)
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pdf
Science and religion
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Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition by Cristiano Banti (1857)
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Galileo before the Holy Office by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury
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Philosophy and Christian Art by Daniel Huntington (1868)
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Detail from Education by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1890)
By field
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Sir William Herschel
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Caroline Herschel
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Maria Mitchell
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Diagrams from Theorice Novae Planetarum by George Puerbach
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Astronomers Studying an Eclipse by Antoine Caron (1571)
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Diagram from Mysterium Cosmographicum by Johannes Kepler (1596)
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A priest-astronomer in the Chinese tradition by Ferdinand Verbiest (1675)
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The "Flammarion Woodcut" (1888)
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L'Astronomie tapestry
Biology
-
Detail from De arte venandi cum avibus, late 13th century
-
Illustration of cork from Robert Hooke's Micrographia
-
Sketch of Darwin's first evolutionary tree
-
Illustration of chromosomes crossing over by Thomas Hunt Morgan
-
specimens
-
Hieronymus Brunschwig Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis (Strassburg, 1512)
-
Alchemist's Laboratory by Heinrich Khunrath (1595)
-
Santorio Santorio's device for measuring weight before and after eating (1614)
-
Alchemist Filling Wet Drug Jars, 17th C.
-
The Alchemist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone by Joseph Wright of Derby (1771)
-
Justus van Bentum, The Explosion in the Alchemist’s Laboratory, 17/18th C.
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Franz Christoph Janneck, The Medical Alchemist, !8th C.
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The Alchemist by William Fettes Douglas
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Der Alchimist by Carl Spitzweg (1860)
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Alchemist Sędziwój by Jan Matejko (1867)
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Thomas Wijck, Alchemist in His Study with a Woman Making Lace, 17th C.
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Reconstruction of the Watson-Crick DNA model
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lab 1910
Earth sciences
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Shark's head illustration by Nicolas Steno
-
Biogeographical illustration by Alexander von Humboldt
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Henry de la Beche watercolor of fossil life
Mathematics
-
Mary Fairfax, Mrs William Somerville (1834)
Medicine
-
Paracelsus
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Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon, photo of bust in marketplace of birth town
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Rembrandt: Anatomie des Dr. Tulp
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Deutsch: Sympathische Entsprechungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren (Signaturen). Holzschnitt nach Auffassung Giambattista della Portas (16. Jh.)
Physics
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Madame Du Châtelet at her desk, by De La Tour, 18th century
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Marie Curie (born Maria Salomea Skłodowska), Nobel Prize, (1911)
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Lise Meitner (1946)
Social sciences
Technology
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John Harrison
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Ada Lovelace, by Margaret Sarah Carpenter, 1836
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Charles Babbage, by Samuel Lawrence, 1845