Why do democracies agree with contested illiberal regimes on the creation of regional institution... more Why do democracies agree with contested illiberal regimes on the creation of regional institutions for election monitoring? This article tackles this puzzle by analyzing the creation of the Union of South American Nations’ (UNASUR) Electoral Council (ECU) and its electoral “accompaniment” missions. The case of the ECU is particularly relevant, since its missions allowed for the legitimization of illiberal electoral practices in a region predominantly populated by democratic states that have pursued democracy consolidation through regional cooperation. We show that the emergence of the ECU resulted from the interaction of the following conditions: Venezuela’s leadership; the mobilization of the transgovernmental network of South American electoral authorities; and the interaction between different sets of state preferences regarding election observation, which reached an equilibrium around an institutional design that did not impose a diminution of sovereignty on the contracting stat...
Research on enfranchisement of EU citizens in EP elections has explained its original design (Lod... more Research on enfranchisement of EU citizens in EP elections has explained its original design (Lodge 1982; Closa 1992) and its national implementation (Herman 1979; Bieber 1984; Duff 1994). A number of other regional organizations have created supranational parliaments and some studies have explained the logic behind their creation (Malamud and Sousa 2007; Dri 2010). In some cases, their institutionalization also led to the introduction of the direct election of the members of these parliamentary assemblies. Yet, this enfranchisement process at the supranational level remains largely unexplored, as it happens for the variance in its design across different regional organizations and, within these, of the variances in implementation of these electoral rights. This paper aims to fill this gap by explaining the reasons for the introduction of electoral rights and their uneven implementation across six supranational parliaments holding direct elections. The paper draws on the diffusion theory which allows identifying the origin of a given institution and the mechanisms for its transference, as well as the elements explaining variance in its incorporation to receiving contexts. The first part of the paper applies a plausibility probe of the diffusion theory to the case of electoral rights, whereas the second part of the paper seeks to explain the patterns of decoupling in citizens’ enfranchisement at the supranational level (i.e. the adjustment of the diffused institution of directly elected parliaments to the receiving environment of the Member States).Peer reviewe
Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models is a groundbreaking comparative stu... more Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models is a groundbreaking comparative study on regional or supranational integration through international and regional organizations. It provides the first comprehensive and empirically based analysis of governance systems by drawing on an original sample of 87 regional and international organizations. The authors explain how and why different organizations select specific governance processes and institutional choices, and outline which legal instruments – regulatory, organizational or procedural – are adopted to achieve integration. They reveal how different objectives influence institutional design and the integration model, for example a free trade area could insist on supremacy and refrain from adopting instruments for indirect rule, while a political union would rather engage with all available techniques. This ambitious work merges different backgrounds and disciplines to provide researchers and practitioners with a unique toolbox of institutional processes and legal mechanisms, and a classification of different models of regional and international integration.
Revista Espanola De Investigaciones Sociologicas, 1990
Initiation à la connaissance du médicament L'enseignement de l'initiation à la connaiss... more Initiation à la connaissance du médicament L'enseignement de l'initiation à la connaissance du médicament fait intervenir des notions de chimie thérapeutique, de pharmacologie, de pharmacocinétique, de pharmacie biogalénique et de droit pharmaceutique. Pour couvrir ...
This chapter posits that international and regional organizations respond to the enforcement dile... more This chapter posits that international and regional organizations respond to the enforcement dilemma by trading off democratic conditionality versus sovereignty. They reach an equilibrium point between the two by favouring institutional designs which grant a large margin for states’ political discretion to decide whether or not breaches exist and to apply the accompanying sanctions provided. In order to discuss this thesis, this chapter first discusses the enforcement dilemma. It then presents the institutional configuration of suspension procedures because of democratic breaches and discusses its actual practice. Finally, the chapter looks at the problems generated in the confluence of institutional design and practice.
... Policy: Public Opinion, Political Parties and Pressure Groups Institutional Adaptation: ReSha... more ... Policy: Public Opinion, Political Parties and Pressure Groups Institutional Adaptation: ReShaping Political Structures Territorial Politics: The Autonomous ... the CFP Economic Integration: The Single Market, Competition and EMU Slicing Up the European Cake: EU ... 2000-2011. ...
Why do democracies agree with contested illiberal regimes on the creation of regional institution... more Why do democracies agree with contested illiberal regimes on the creation of regional institutions for election monitoring? This article tackles this puzzle by analyzing the creation of the Union of South American Nations’ (UNASUR) Electoral Council (ECU) and its electoral “accompaniment” missions. The case of the ECU is particularly relevant, since its missions allowed for the legitimization of illiberal electoral practices in a region predominantly populated by democratic states that have pursued democracy consolidation through regional cooperation. We show that the emergence of the ECU resulted from the interaction of the following conditions: Venezuela’s leadership; the mobilization of the transgovernmental network of South American electoral authorities; and the interaction between different sets of state preferences regarding election observation, which reached an equilibrium around an institutional design that did not impose a diminution of sovereignty on the contracting stat...
Research on enfranchisement of EU citizens in EP elections has explained its original design (Lod... more Research on enfranchisement of EU citizens in EP elections has explained its original design (Lodge 1982; Closa 1992) and its national implementation (Herman 1979; Bieber 1984; Duff 1994). A number of other regional organizations have created supranational parliaments and some studies have explained the logic behind their creation (Malamud and Sousa 2007; Dri 2010). In some cases, their institutionalization also led to the introduction of the direct election of the members of these parliamentary assemblies. Yet, this enfranchisement process at the supranational level remains largely unexplored, as it happens for the variance in its design across different regional organizations and, within these, of the variances in implementation of these electoral rights. This paper aims to fill this gap by explaining the reasons for the introduction of electoral rights and their uneven implementation across six supranational parliaments holding direct elections. The paper draws on the diffusion theory which allows identifying the origin of a given institution and the mechanisms for its transference, as well as the elements explaining variance in its incorporation to receiving contexts. The first part of the paper applies a plausibility probe of the diffusion theory to the case of electoral rights, whereas the second part of the paper seeks to explain the patterns of decoupling in citizens’ enfranchisement at the supranational level (i.e. the adjustment of the diffused institution of directly elected parliaments to the receiving environment of the Member States).Peer reviewe
Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models is a groundbreaking comparative stu... more Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models is a groundbreaking comparative study on regional or supranational integration through international and regional organizations. It provides the first comprehensive and empirically based analysis of governance systems by drawing on an original sample of 87 regional and international organizations. The authors explain how and why different organizations select specific governance processes and institutional choices, and outline which legal instruments – regulatory, organizational or procedural – are adopted to achieve integration. They reveal how different objectives influence institutional design and the integration model, for example a free trade area could insist on supremacy and refrain from adopting instruments for indirect rule, while a political union would rather engage with all available techniques. This ambitious work merges different backgrounds and disciplines to provide researchers and practitioners with a unique toolbox of institutional processes and legal mechanisms, and a classification of different models of regional and international integration.
Revista Espanola De Investigaciones Sociologicas, 1990
Initiation à la connaissance du médicament L'enseignement de l'initiation à la connaiss... more Initiation à la connaissance du médicament L'enseignement de l'initiation à la connaissance du médicament fait intervenir des notions de chimie thérapeutique, de pharmacologie, de pharmacocinétique, de pharmacie biogalénique et de droit pharmaceutique. Pour couvrir ...
This chapter posits that international and regional organizations respond to the enforcement dile... more This chapter posits that international and regional organizations respond to the enforcement dilemma by trading off democratic conditionality versus sovereignty. They reach an equilibrium point between the two by favouring institutional designs which grant a large margin for states’ political discretion to decide whether or not breaches exist and to apply the accompanying sanctions provided. In order to discuss this thesis, this chapter first discusses the enforcement dilemma. It then presents the institutional configuration of suspension procedures because of democratic breaches and discusses its actual practice. Finally, the chapter looks at the problems generated in the confluence of institutional design and practice.
... Policy: Public Opinion, Political Parties and Pressure Groups Institutional Adaptation: ReSha... more ... Policy: Public Opinion, Political Parties and Pressure Groups Institutional Adaptation: ReShaping Political Structures Territorial Politics: The Autonomous ... the CFP Economic Integration: The Single Market, Competition and EMU Slicing Up the European Cake: EU ... 2000-2011. ...
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Papers by Carlos Closa