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14 Quantitative differences in plant defence metabolites, such as glucosinolates, may 15 directly affect herbivore preference and performance, and indirectly affect natural 16 enemy pressure. By assessing insect abundance and leaf damage... more
14 Quantitative differences in plant defence metabolites, such as glucosinolates, may 15 directly affect herbivore preference and performance, and indirectly affect natural 16 enemy pressure. By assessing insect abundance and leaf damage rate, we studied the 17 responses of insect herbivores to six genotypes of Brassica oleracea var. acephala, 18 selected from the same cultivar for having high or low foliar content of sinigrin, 19 glucoiberin and glucobrassicin. We also investigated whether the natural parasitism rate 20 was affected by glucosinolates. Finally, we assessed the relative importance of plant 21 chemistry (bottom-up control) and natural enemy performance (top-down control) in 22 shaping insect abundance, the ratio of generalist/specialist herbivores and levels of leaf 23 damage. We found that high sinigrin content decreased the abundance of the generalist 24 Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and the specialist Plutella xylostella 25 (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae...
The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed.... more
The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed. Their cultivation and postharvest are continually threatened by significant stresses of biotic origin, such as pathogens and pests. In recent years, numerous research groups around the world have developed transgenic lines within the Brassica genus that are capable of defending themselves effectively against these enemies. The present work compiles all the existing studies to date on this matter, focusing in a special way on those of greater relevance in recent years, the choice of the gene of interest and the mechanisms involved in improving plant defenses. Some of the main transgenic lines developed include coding genes for chitinases, glucanases or cry proteins, which show effective results against pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae, Leptosp...
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Brassica rapa includes oil and vegetable crops having a variety of forms, such as oilseeds, leafy vegetables and turnips. Leafy types, which are called turnip greens and turnip tops, are popular crops in NW Spain, and they represent an... more
Brassica rapa includes oil and vegetable crops having a variety of forms, such as oilseeds, leafy vegetables and turnips. Leafy types, which are called turnip greens and turnip tops, are popular crops in NW Spain, and they represent an important part of the diet. However, their cultivation is limited in southern areas or in the Mediterranean basin, probably due to a lack of adaptation. Still, they could occupy a prominent place in the Mediterranean diet, which is based on a high consumption of fruits and vegetables. In this review, we summarize the studies on the agronomical and nutritional value of these crops when grown under Mediterranean climate conditions. Data reported here might be useful for a deeper understanding of these crops for both nutritional quality and bioaccessibility, and for selecting varieties adapted to the two abovementioned Mediterranean conditions, as well as for organic farming systems, thus contributing to the diversification of traditional Brassica vegeta...
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The seed oil content and the fatty acid composition of a germplasm collection of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa currently grown in Galicia (northwestern Spain) were evaluated in order to identify potentially interesting genotypes and to... more
The seed oil content and the fatty acid composition of a germplasm collection of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa currently grown in Galicia (northwestern Spain) were evaluated in order to identify potentially interesting genotypes and to assess their suitability as oilseed crops for either edible or industrial purposes. The seeds of the B. rapa landraces had higher oil content (mean 47.3%) than those of B. napus (mean 42.8%). The landraces of both species showed a similar fatty acid profile (12% oleic acid, 13% linoleic acid, 8–9% linolenic acid, 8–9% eicosenoic acid, and 50–51% erucic acid). They were very high in erucic acid content, which is nutritionally undesirable in a vegetable oil, and very low in oleic and linoleic acid contents. Therefore, they could be used for industrial purposes but not as edible oil. The erucic acid content ranged from 42% to 54% of the total fatty acid composition with an average value of 50% in the B. napus landraces whereas in B. rapa, it ranged fr...
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A comparative study for evaluating Italian and Spanish accessions of Brassica rapa var. rapa L., including turnip greens and turnip tops, was carried out at different locations with a view to determine the effect of earliness on crop... more
A comparative study for evaluating Italian and Spanish accessions of Brassica rapa var. rapa L., including turnip greens and turnip tops, was carried out at different locations with a view to determine the effect of earliness on crop production, antioxidant activity, glucosinolates amount, and profile (GLSs) and total phenolics content. The accessions evaluated were represented by two turnip top local varieties (one Italian variety and a Galician one), four new synthetic varieties established by Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), and three commercial varieties widely used by growers in Galicia and in Italy. The results showed a great variability regarding flowering time, fresh and dry weight of the leaves and flower buds, and the branch number per plant. The highest turnip greens production was found in two synthetic varieties (“SIN07” and “SIN01”) for both countries. Local varieties “BRS550” and “CM39” were also suitable for turnip greens production in Spain and Italy, respect...
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Moringa oleifera L. is greatly appreciated for its high content of phytochemicals. Although most parts of moringa tree have been widely studied, seeds remained scarcely explored. The first goal of this study was to investigate the... more
Moringa oleifera L. is greatly appreciated for its high content of phytochemicals. Although most parts of moringa tree have been widely studied, seeds remained scarcely explored. The first goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of germination to improve the nutritional composition (proximate composition and levels of vitamins B1 and B2), content of bioactive compounds (glucosinolates, phenolics and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) and antioxidant activity of moringa seed. Germination improved protein, fat, fiber, riboflavin, phenolics, some individual glucosinolates (GLS) and GABA contents, as well as the antioxidant potential in moringa sprouts, but the extent of the improvement depended on germination conditions. The second objective of this work was to identify the optimal germination conditions to maximize nutritional and bioactive quality of moringa by applying multi-response optimization (response surface methodology, RSM). RSM models indicated that 28 °C and 24 h w...
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Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a cruciferous vegetable widely cultivated for its leaves and flower buds in Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean area, being a food of great interest as a "superfood" today. Little has... more
Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a cruciferous vegetable widely cultivated for its leaves and flower buds in Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean area, being a food of great interest as a "superfood" today. Little has been studied about the diversity of endophytic fungi in the Brassica genus, and there are no studies regarding kale. In this study, we made a survey of the diversity of endophytic fungi present in the roots of six different Galician kale local populations. In addition, we investigated whether the presence of endophytes in the roots was beneficial to the plants in terms of growth, cold tolerance, or resistance to bacteria and insects. The fungal isolates obtained belonged to 33 different taxa. Among those, a Fusarium sp. and Pleosporales sp. A between Setophoma and Edenia (called as Setophoma/Edenia) were present in many plants of all five local populations, being possible components of a core kale microbiome. For the first time, several interactions...
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Coordination of plant circadian rhythms with the external environment provides growth and reproductive advantages to plants as well as enhanced resistance to insects and pathogens. Since glucosinolates (GLSs) play a major role as plant... more
Coordination of plant circadian rhythms with the external environment provides growth and reproductive advantages to plants as well as enhanced resistance to insects and pathogens. Since glucosinolates (GLSs) play a major role as plant defensive compounds and could affect the palatability and health value of edible crops, the aim of this study was to investigate the species-specific patterns in circadian rhythmicity of these plant phytochemicals. Five different GLS-containing cultivars, from three Brassica crop species were studied. Plants were entrained to light-dark cycles (LD) for five weeks prior to release them into continuous light (LL). GLSs levels were monitored during five consecutive days (two days at LD conditions and three days at LL). The remaining plants were re-entrained to LD cycles (Re-LD plants) and GLS levels were studied as stated before during two consecutive days. Results showed that the period and amplitude of GLSs circadian outputs were cultivar-dependent. In addition, we assessed that the plant endogenous clock can be re-entrained for GLSs accumulation after a period of free-running conditions. Together, these data suggests that Brassica cultivars keep track the time of the day to coordinate their defenses. The demonstration of the cultivar-specific circadian effect on the GLSs levels in plants of different Brassica cultivars have the potential to identify new targets for improving cultivar phytochemicals using temporally informed approaches. In addition, provides an exceptional model to study the complexity of signal integration in plants.
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Glucosinolate-degradation products (GS-degradation products) are believed to be responsible for the anticancer effects of cruciferous vegetables. Furthermore, they could improve the efficacy and reduce side-effects of chemotherapy. The... more
Glucosinolate-degradation products (GS-degradation products) are believed to be responsible for the anticancer effects of cruciferous vegetables. Furthermore, they could improve the efficacy and reduce side-effects of chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of GS-degradation products on androgen-insensitive human prostate cancer (AIPC) PC-3 and DU 145 cells and investigate their ability to sensitize such cells to chemotherapeutic drug Docetaxel (DOCE). Cells were cultured under growing concentrations of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), sulforaphane (SFN), 4-pentenyl-isothiocyanate (4PI), iberin (IB), indole-3-carbinol (I3C), or phenethyl-isothiocyanate (PEITC) in absence or presence of DOCE. The anti-tumor effects of these compounds were analyzed using the trypan blue exclusion, apoptosis, invasion and RT-qPCR assays and confocal microscopy. We observed that AITC, SFN, IB, and/or PEITC induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on PC-3 ...
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Four clustering methods were compared for classification of a collection of 148 kale landraces (Brassica oleracea L. acephala group) from northwestern Spain based on morphologic characters: the unweighted pair group method using... more
Four clustering methods were compared for classification of a collection of 148 kale landraces (Brassica oleracea L. acephala group) from northwestern Spain based on morphologic characters: the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the Ward method, hierarchical cluster algorithms, and the modified location model (MLM) applied to both the UPGMA and the Ward method (UPGMA-MLM and Ward-MLM, respectively). Comparisons were based on five criteria and on subjective considerations about the structure of each method and the characteristics of the material evaluated. Although the UPGMA-MLM was superior according to the objective criteria, its slight advantage with respect to the Ward-MLM strategy did not overcome the fact that the initial UPGMA cluster generated a classification with little value. The Ward-MLM strategy generated five homogeneous groups with defined morphologic characteristics. Moreover, the Ward-MLM strategy allowed the identification of redundan...
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The pink stem borer (PSB) (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre) and the European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) are the major insect pests of corn (Zea mays L.) in Mediterranean countries, although larvae of other insects can... more
The pink stem borer (PSB) (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre) and the European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) are the major insect pests of corn (Zea mays L.) in Mediterranean countries, although larvae of other insects can also cause damage. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of sweet corn hybrids, planting time, and environment on damage by various insects. Data were recorded on the number of larvae of each of the aforementioned pests and damage produced in the ear 20 days after pollination and in the ear and stem when plants were dry. PSB was the most abundant pest, followed by ECB. Other insects, such as Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were rarely found in sweet corn plants. ECB was constant over time, PSB had larger seasonal variation, and M. unipuncta and H. armigera were highly variable over time. There were significant differences among planting dates and growing cycles for damage traits in each environment. I...
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The glucosinolate profile of leaves and seeds of 33 Brassica napus L. crops, including leafy crops, forage, rutabaga, and oilseed crops, was compared by high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the relation between the... more
The glucosinolate profile of leaves and seeds of 33 Brassica napus L. crops, including leafy crops, forage, rutabaga, and oilseed crops, was compared by high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate the relation between the consumable product of each crop and the glucosinolate profile. Glucosinolate concentration was higher in seeds than in leaves, varying from 3.8-fold in oilseed crops to 7.1-fold in root vegetable crops. Aliphatic glucosinolates predominated in both organs. In seeds, aliphatic glucosinolates represented between 91% to 94% in the different groups, whereas in leaves there was more variation. For root vegetable crops, aliphatic glucosinolates represented 80% of the total glucosinolate concentration. For leafy and forage types, aliphatic glucosinolates represented approximately 90% and for oilseed crops represented 92%. Indole glucosinolates were more abundant in leaves (5% to 17%) than in seeds (5% to 8%). The total glucosinolate content in leaves ranged from...
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crops are exposed to seasonal changes in temperature because of their biennial life cycle. Extreme temperatures (cold and heat) affect the photosynthetic activity and the yield of cabbage ( group) and kale ( group). We studied the... more
crops are exposed to seasonal changes in temperature because of their biennial life cycle. Extreme temperatures (cold and heat) affect the photosynthetic activity and the yield of cabbage ( group) and kale ( group). We studied the relationship among antioxidant defenses, photosynthesis, and yield under extreme temperatures in both crops. Under these conditions, the plants increase the antioxidant defenses, responding to an increment in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of ROS in chloroplasts decreases the chlorophyll content and provokes photoinhibition that leads to a low fixation of CO and loss of dry weight. Low temperatures especially increase the antioxidant defenses and decrease the chlorophyll content compared to the heat conditions. However, dry weight losses are higher when plants are grown under heat than under cold conditions, probably because of the inactivation of Rubisco and/or the associated enzymes. Both crops were more resilient to cold than to heat te...
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There is increasing evidence that the circadian clock is a significant driver of plant phytochemicals. However, little is known about the clock effect on antioxidant metabolites in edible crops. Thus, the aim of the present investigation... more
There is increasing evidence that the circadian clock is a significant driver of plant phytochemicals. However, little is known about the clock effect on antioxidant metabolites in edible crops. Thus, the aim of the present investigation was to study whether the antioxidant potential of Brassica cultivars is under circadian regulation and its relationship with polyphenol content. To accomplish that we entrain plants of four Brassica cultivars to light-dark cycles prior to release into continuous light. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content was monitored at four time points of the day during four consecutive days: 2 days under light-dark conditions followed by 2 days under continuous light. Results showed daily oscillation of antioxidant activity. In addition, those variations were related with endogenous circadian rhythms in polyphenolics and exhibit a species-specific pattern. Considered together, we determined that Brassica cultivars have an optimal time during a single da...
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Research Interests: Engineering, Biology, Medicine, Food Preservation, Germany, and 9 moreNorway, Humans, Color, Light, Temperature, Taste, Brassica, Altitude, and Plant Leaves
Brassica genus, and in general Brassicaceae species, represent a well known case of study for the strict interaction of several genomes of different related species, which have played an important role in domestication process permitting... more
Brassica genus, and in general Brassicaceae species, represent a well known case of study for the strict interaction of several genomes of different related species, which have played an important role in domestication process permitting the evolution of several crops and also within single species as occurred for Brassica oleracea. In this review, we paid special attention to basic botany of the genus, conservation initiatives, origin and evolution of the allied crops, role in crop improvement through traditional and advanced tools, genomics resource development and scope for domestication and commercialization. The information facilitated understanding the possible pathways of crop evolution in the past and also the new tools for Brassica breeding in relation of new market requirements. These have been supported by the great works done to enrich the knowledge on Brassica genomes, which paved the way for identification of target expressed genes of interest for crop genetic improvem...
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ABSTRACT Glucosinolates may deter generalist insect feeding as their toxicity causes fitness damage, whereas insects specialized in brassicaceous plants may circumvent the toxic effect. By using no-choice leaf tests, we investigated... more
ABSTRACT Glucosinolates may deter generalist insect feeding as their toxicity causes fitness damage, whereas insects specialized in brassicaceous plants may circumvent the toxic effect. By using no-choice leaf tests, we investigated whether larval development time, body weight, mortality and feeding rate of the generalist Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and the specialist Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), were affected by six genotypes of Brassica oleracea var. acephala, selected for having high or low concentration of sinigrin, glucoiberin (aliphatics) and glucobrassicin (indole). Two phenological plant stages were used. On young plants, M. brassicae most consumed the high sinigrin and low glucoiberin genotypes. Larvae weighed more on the high sinigrin plants. Development time took longer on the low glucoiberin genotype. On mature plants, consumption rate decreased on the high glucoiberin genotype. Larval weight decreased on the high sinigrin, glucoiberin and glucobrassicin genotypes, and development time increased with high glucobrassicin concentration. Pupal weight and mortality rate increased on mature plants, irrespective of the genotype. Pieris rapae fed most on young plants with high sinigrin, and larval weight increased on the high glucoiberin genotype. Mortality increased with low glucoiberin and low glucobrassicin. On mature plants, larval weight decreased with high sinigrin and glucoiberin. The high glucoiberin genotype was the less consumed and also induced a longer development time. High content of aliphatic glucosinolates offered mature plants significant antibiosis defence against both the lepidopterans, whereas the indole glucosinolate was marginally effective. Young plants were more consumed and increased larval weight likely because glucosinolate concentration was still not optimal.
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... Wild n=9 Brassica species in Mediterranean ... was not found in B. oleracea whereas high resistance was observed in the wild relatives of Brassica outside ... The most important glucosinolates found in brassica vegetables are... more
... Wild n=9 Brassica species in Mediterranean ... was not found in B. oleracea whereas high resistance was observed in the wild relatives of Brassica outside ... The most important glucosinolates found in brassica vegetables are methionine-derived glucosinolates (Mithen et al., 2003 ...
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Research Interests: Genetics, Organic Chemistry, Plant Biology, Cell Cycle, Cancer Prevention, and 12 moreAnimal Nutrition, Human Nutrition, Natural Product, Crop management, Seasonal variation, Enzyme, Human health, Environmental Conditions, Indole-3-carbinol, Bioactive Compound, Thermal Degradation, and Genetic control
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Research Interests: Phytochemistry, NIRS, Human Nutrition, Biological Sciences, Near Infrared Spectroscopy, and 15 moreGAL, Cross Validation, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Sec, Brassica Napus, MPLS, Coefficient of Determination, Glucosinolates, Difference equation, Reference Value, Partial Least Square, Molecular Structure, Plant Leaves, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Twenty-one cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata group) varieties, including 16 local varieties and five commercial hybrids, were screened for resistance to the moth Mamestra brassicae L. under natural and artificial conditions in... more
Twenty-one cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata group) varieties, including 16 local varieties and five commercial hybrids, were screened for resistance to the moth Mamestra brassicae L. under natural and artificial conditions in northwestern Spain. Resistance was assessed as the proportion of damaged plants and damaged leaves, leaf feeding injury, and number of larvae present. Correlation coefficients among damage traits showed that a visual scale (general appearance rating) should be a useful indicator of resistance. Most local varieties were highly susceptible to M. brassicae, whereas the commercial hybrids tested were resistant in terms of head foliage consumption and number of larvae per plant. Performance of varieties was similar under natural and artificial infestation although some of them performed differently at each year. Three local varieties (MBG-BRS0057, MBG-BRS0074, and MBG-BRS0452) were highly susceptible at both natural and artificial infestation conditions being MBG-BRS0074 the most damaged variety. Two local varieties (MBG-BRS0402 and MBG-BRS0535) and commercial hybrids were identified as resistant or moderately resistant to M. brassicae. Among them, 'Corazón de Buey' and 'Cabeza negra' were the most resistant and produced compact heads. These varieties could be useful sources of resistance to obtain resistant varieties to M. brassicae or as donors of resistance to other Brassica crops. The possible role of leaf traits, head compactness, and leaf glucosinolate content in relation to M. brassicae resistance is discussed.
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In Mediterranean countries, the principal pest of maize, Zea mays L., is Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre. The objective of this work was to study the resistance of the four early maturing varieties of sweet corn, Baby Orchard, Orchard Baby,... more
In Mediterranean countries, the principal pest of maize, Zea mays L., is Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre. The objective of this work was to study the resistance of the four early maturing varieties of sweet corn, Baby Orchard, Orchard Baby, Dorinny Sweet, and Golden Early Market, and to check the relationship among resistance to S. nonagrioides and infestation dates. In a previous study, these varieties had showed a confusing behavior, being the most resistant varieties to S. nonagrioides attack in some environments and the most susceptible in others. These varieties were again evaluated along with three medium maturing varieties, used as testers because they were more stable in both environments, by using two infestation dates. Plants were more damaged in the late infestation, but the effect of the infestation depends on the variety studied. Orchard Baby and Baby Orchard were the most resistant varieties under two infestation dates. These two varieties are closely related. Therefore, we can use either one as a source of precocity and resistance for modern sweet corn. Although many studies showed that early maturing inbreds had greater damage caused by S. nonagrioides and European corn borer than late maturing inbreds and hybrids, our results showed that the earliest maturing varieties were the most resistant.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Chemistry, Cell Cycle, Pharmacognosy, Medicine, and 15 moreElectrospray, Chemical Analysis, Enzyme, Qualitative Analysis, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Human health, Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic compound, Brassica rapa, Quantitative Analysis, Glucosinolates, Flavonols, Electrospray Ionization, Plant Leaf, and HPLC Chromatography
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Maydica 4J (1998): 117-122 COMBINING ABILITIES AND RECIPROCAL EFFECTS FOR MAIZE EAR RESISTANCE TO PINK STEM BORER A. Butrón", RA Malvar, P. Velasco, ME Cartea, A. Ordás Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Apartado 28, 36080... more
Maydica 4J (1998): 117-122 COMBINING ABILITIES AND RECIPROCAL EFFECTS FOR MAIZE EAR RESISTANCE TO PINK STEM BORER A. Butrón", RA Malvar, P. Velasco, ME Cartea, A. Ordás Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain ...
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Research supported by the Committee for Science and Technology of Spain (project Cod AGF92-0161) and Excma. Diputacion Provincial de Pontevedra, Spain.
Research Interests: Identification, Population, Hybrid, Yield, Crop Science, and 3 moreGramineae, Sweet Corn, and Environment
... of a year and a location, resulting in seven different environments under study. ... of the combined analysis of variance of the agronomic traits taken in the Brassica rapa varieties ... of mass selection by fresh production,... more
... of a year and a location, resulting in seven different environments under study. ... of the combined analysis of variance of the agronomic traits taken in the Brassica rapa varieties ... of mass selection by fresh production, therefore it is expected to have good agronomical performance. ...
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The cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a generalist insect pest of cruciferous crops. We tested glucosinolate induction by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and by these phytohormones combined with... more
The cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a generalist insect pest of cruciferous crops. We tested glucosinolate induction by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and by these phytohormones combined with feeding by M. brassicae larvae in four genotypes of kale, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala (Brassicaceae). The genotypes tested had high glucobrassicin (genotype HGBS), low glucobrassicin (genotype LGBS), high sinigrin (genotype HSIN), and low sinigrin content (genotype LSIN). Application of JA increased indolic and total glucosinolate content in all kale genotypes 1, 3, and 9 days after treatment. For SA-treated plants, glucosinolate induction varied depending on the number of days after treatment and the genotype. Overall, herbivory by M. brassicae accentuated and attenuated the effects of JA and SA, respectively, on plant glucosinolate content. Larvae of M. brassicae gained less weight on leaves from plants treated with JA compared to leaves fr...