Word count -5,934 Running head: Crime Precipitators and Governance in Northbridge Key words: Gove... more Word count -5,934 Running head: Crime Precipitators and Governance in Northbridge Key words: Governance, the night-time economy, Northbridge, crime, environmental criminology, situational crime precipitators. 2. Abstract Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night-time economies of many Western cities, and they are significant contributors to these economies. However, many cities are experiencing increased levels of crime in their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper explores crime in Northbridge entertainment district in Perth, Western Australia and highlights how the legacy of governance can operate counter-intuitively, to foster crime precipitators Based on several years of scientific observation, land-use surveys and pedestrian surveys, the authors provide a critical narrative of Northbridge and crime precipitators after dark. This narrative is expressed from the perspective of environmental criminology and SC...
In many Western, post-industrial cities of the 21 Century, entertainment districts play an increa... more In many Western, post-industrial cities of the 21 Century, entertainment districts play an increasingly significant place-making role and contribute much to their night-time economies. However, many of these cities are experiencing increased levels of crime and fear of crime within their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper investigates crime and the night-time economy (NTE) associated with an entertainment district in an Australian capital city. It discusses the concept of the ‘environmental backcloth’ (Brantingham and Brantinham, 1993) to this area as important contextual background to some of the contemporary crime problems. The paper highlights examples of situational crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008) from observational research and detailed land-use and pedestrian surveys conducted in the entertainment district. Seen within the context of the ‘environmental backcloth’ these ‘situations’ and settings can create irritation, frustration and pressures and potentia...
At a time of increasing global urbanisation, research consistently indicates that crime and the f... more At a time of increasing global urbanisation, research consistently indicates that crime and the fear of crime are key concerns for urban populations in both developed and developing countries and communal safety is considered to be one of the key features of a high quality environment (Dempsey, 2008). Government planning policy in the UK, USA and Australia now advocates highdensity, mixed-use residential developments in ‘walkable’, permeable neighbourhoods, close to public transport, employment and amenities. It is argued that this approach, commonly known as New Urbanism, reduces urban sprawl, contributes to the development of more sustainable cities and also reduces crime by promoting street level activity and at the same time, 'eyes on the street' (Jacobs, 1961). However, Dempsey (2008) has recently challenged the assumption that various features of a quality built environment are actually socially beneficial. Evidence from environmental criminology challenges three of th...
The Suzy Lamplugh Trust Research Institute at the University of Glamorgan is conducting research ... more The Suzy Lamplugh Trust Research Institute at the University of Glamorgan is conducting research that focuses on personal safety issues as they relate to the design and maintenance of built environment facilities. The project, funded by Valley Lines (a network of 66 railway stations in South Wales) seeks to investigate the perception and reality of personal safety (against crime and nuisance, as opposed to health and safety) on these stations and their immediate access routes and environments. Customer satisfaction surveys have consistently reported that although recorded incidents of crime and nuisance are relatively low, rail users perceive their risk to be significantly higher and therefore discourages people from using the trains. The project uses interactive virtual reality (VR) scenes as the environmental stimuli for investigating perceptions. VR ‘walkthroughs’ of a sample of stations have been shown to focus groups representing samples of users and potential users. The standa...
Oscar Newman's Defensible Space (1973) ideas have had a profound influence on both urban plan... more Oscar Newman's Defensible Space (1973) ideas have had a profound influence on both urban planning and criminology during the last 30 years or so. They underpin modern ideas of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) which are increasingly being used to tackle crime by governments across the world’s developed and developing countries. This chapter discusses the background, concepts and development of Defensible Space highlighting the criticisms and increasingly popularity of these ideas. The chapter also discusses the current status and potential future directions for research in Defensible Space.
Designing Out Crime is a system and a process for reducing both opportunities for crime and the f... more Designing Out Crime is a system and a process for reducing both opportunities for crime and the fear of crime. These ideas, also known as crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), form part of the Western Australian (WA) Government's Community Safety and Crime Prevention Strategy. Designing Out Crime is promoted by all other Australian States, as well as by the United Nations and the governments of North America, the UK, Europe, South Africa, Singapore, New Zealand and Chile among others. Internationally, although most countries provide some policy guidance on designing out crime, it is largely piecemeal, uncoordinated, fragmented and dispersed across many policy areas, initiatives and departmental agendas. WA’s Designing Out Crime Strategy (OCP, 2007) attempts to consolidate the multi-disciplinary and multiagency dimensions and objectives of these ideas and adopted a systems approach to analysing and tackling this problem. The Designing Out Crime Strategy seeks to ...
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a place-based crime strategy located fir... more Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a place-based crime strategy located firmly within the perspectives of post-industrial Western societies. It has been implemented in many developed countries in the United Kingdom (UK), North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Asia and the Middle East. However, CPTED has found limited formalised use in the developing world. This paper investigates the application of CPTED to a non-Western setting in the developing world. It explores to what extent local perceptions of community safety align with the Western principles of CPTED in a case study of Gaborone, Botswana. The findings suggest the Western CPTED Audit and the non-Western Setswana respondents in the Community Safety Survey both indicated there were low levels of CPTED features in the environment. However, the local respondents reported high levels of personal safety. The features of CPTED appear to be identified in similar ways but may not be linked...
In Australia, it is estimated that there were 1.3 million incidents of shop thefts in 2011 (Smith... more In Australia, it is estimated that there were 1.3 million incidents of shop thefts in 2011 (Smith, Jorna, Sweeney, & Fuller, Counting the Costs of Crime in Australia: A 2011 Estimate, Research and Public Policy Series No. 129, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2014). The literature highlights a number of situational factors, which can facilitate shoplifting including store layout, security devices and guardianship (Beck, Amplifying Risk in Retail Stores: The Evidence to Date on Making Shop Thieves Think Twice. Brussels: ECR Community, 2016). However, few studies have explored how these are used/perceived by small retail businesses in the Australian context. This chapter presents qualitative research findings from semi-structured interviews with a small sample of six retailers in Perth, Western Australia. This research explores their experiences and perceptions of shoplifting within their stores and their understanding of crime prevention through environmental design/sit...
Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night... more Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night-time economies of many Western cities, and they are significant contributors to these economies. However, many cities are experiencing increased levels of crime in their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper explores crime in Northbridge entertainment district in Perth, Western Australia and highlights how the legacy of governance can operate counter-intuitively, to foster crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008), which can increase opportunities for crime. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) are briefly discussed and the authors argued that SCP is a more appropriate strategy to use in the dynamic and complex environmental setting of Northbridge. Based on several years of scientific observation, land-use surveys and pedestrian surveys, the authors provide a critical narrative of Northbridge and crime precipitators after ...
The State's Designing Out Crime Strategy (Office of Crime Prevention, 2007) is committed to r... more The State's Designing Out Crime Strategy (Office of Crime Prevention, 2007) is committed to reducing opportunities for crime and the fear of crime using Designing Out Crime principles and strategies. One of its five goals is to increase / disseminate understanding of Designing Out Crime.This phenomenological case study discusses the development of Designing Out Crime education within Curtin University of Technology's Urban and Regional Planning Department and the dissemination of Designing Out Crime ideas to planning students. Insights on students' knowledge and interest in Designing Out Crime were gathered from a series of urban and regional planning field trips, lectures to students from product design, interior architecture, architecture, urban design and urban and regional planning and the supervision of numerous undergraduate planning dissertations on Designing Out Crime. Along with ongoing research into the Designing Out Crime field, insights from this research and...
This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition ... more This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition (GJ) highlighting a significant lack of research within the criminological literature over the last 50 years. We argue the concept is a key foundation in understanding crime and crime prevention theories and in developing crime prevention strategies. Findings from a systematic review of the literature are presented to illustrate the paucity of research into geographical juxtaposition. We develop and extend the concept of geographical juxtaposition beyond that originally coined by Newman to include all immediate, local, distant, and remote environmental (physical) factors. Additionally, we demonstrate, by reference to practical criminological situations, the significant and extensive role of our revised concept of geographical juxtaposition. In particular, we point to the way that focusing on geographical juxtaposition identifies serious problems in many taken-for-granted assumptions in p...
Word count -5,934 Running head: Crime Precipitators and Governance in Northbridge Key words: Gove... more Word count -5,934 Running head: Crime Precipitators and Governance in Northbridge Key words: Governance, the night-time economy, Northbridge, crime, environmental criminology, situational crime precipitators. 2. Abstract Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night-time economies of many Western cities, and they are significant contributors to these economies. However, many cities are experiencing increased levels of crime in their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper explores crime in Northbridge entertainment district in Perth, Western Australia and highlights how the legacy of governance can operate counter-intuitively, to foster crime precipitators Based on several years of scientific observation, land-use surveys and pedestrian surveys, the authors provide a critical narrative of Northbridge and crime precipitators after dark. This narrative is expressed from the perspective of environmental criminology and SC...
In many Western, post-industrial cities of the 21 Century, entertainment districts play an increa... more In many Western, post-industrial cities of the 21 Century, entertainment districts play an increasingly significant place-making role and contribute much to their night-time economies. However, many of these cities are experiencing increased levels of crime and fear of crime within their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper investigates crime and the night-time economy (NTE) associated with an entertainment district in an Australian capital city. It discusses the concept of the ‘environmental backcloth’ (Brantingham and Brantinham, 1993) to this area as important contextual background to some of the contemporary crime problems. The paper highlights examples of situational crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008) from observational research and detailed land-use and pedestrian surveys conducted in the entertainment district. Seen within the context of the ‘environmental backcloth’ these ‘situations’ and settings can create irritation, frustration and pressures and potentia...
At a time of increasing global urbanisation, research consistently indicates that crime and the f... more At a time of increasing global urbanisation, research consistently indicates that crime and the fear of crime are key concerns for urban populations in both developed and developing countries and communal safety is considered to be one of the key features of a high quality environment (Dempsey, 2008). Government planning policy in the UK, USA and Australia now advocates highdensity, mixed-use residential developments in ‘walkable’, permeable neighbourhoods, close to public transport, employment and amenities. It is argued that this approach, commonly known as New Urbanism, reduces urban sprawl, contributes to the development of more sustainable cities and also reduces crime by promoting street level activity and at the same time, 'eyes on the street' (Jacobs, 1961). However, Dempsey (2008) has recently challenged the assumption that various features of a quality built environment are actually socially beneficial. Evidence from environmental criminology challenges three of th...
The Suzy Lamplugh Trust Research Institute at the University of Glamorgan is conducting research ... more The Suzy Lamplugh Trust Research Institute at the University of Glamorgan is conducting research that focuses on personal safety issues as they relate to the design and maintenance of built environment facilities. The project, funded by Valley Lines (a network of 66 railway stations in South Wales) seeks to investigate the perception and reality of personal safety (against crime and nuisance, as opposed to health and safety) on these stations and their immediate access routes and environments. Customer satisfaction surveys have consistently reported that although recorded incidents of crime and nuisance are relatively low, rail users perceive their risk to be significantly higher and therefore discourages people from using the trains. The project uses interactive virtual reality (VR) scenes as the environmental stimuli for investigating perceptions. VR ‘walkthroughs’ of a sample of stations have been shown to focus groups representing samples of users and potential users. The standa...
Oscar Newman's Defensible Space (1973) ideas have had a profound influence on both urban plan... more Oscar Newman's Defensible Space (1973) ideas have had a profound influence on both urban planning and criminology during the last 30 years or so. They underpin modern ideas of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) which are increasingly being used to tackle crime by governments across the world’s developed and developing countries. This chapter discusses the background, concepts and development of Defensible Space highlighting the criticisms and increasingly popularity of these ideas. The chapter also discusses the current status and potential future directions for research in Defensible Space.
Designing Out Crime is a system and a process for reducing both opportunities for crime and the f... more Designing Out Crime is a system and a process for reducing both opportunities for crime and the fear of crime. These ideas, also known as crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), form part of the Western Australian (WA) Government's Community Safety and Crime Prevention Strategy. Designing Out Crime is promoted by all other Australian States, as well as by the United Nations and the governments of North America, the UK, Europe, South Africa, Singapore, New Zealand and Chile among others. Internationally, although most countries provide some policy guidance on designing out crime, it is largely piecemeal, uncoordinated, fragmented and dispersed across many policy areas, initiatives and departmental agendas. WA’s Designing Out Crime Strategy (OCP, 2007) attempts to consolidate the multi-disciplinary and multiagency dimensions and objectives of these ideas and adopted a systems approach to analysing and tackling this problem. The Designing Out Crime Strategy seeks to ...
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a place-based crime strategy located fir... more Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a place-based crime strategy located firmly within the perspectives of post-industrial Western societies. It has been implemented in many developed countries in the United Kingdom (UK), North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Asia and the Middle East. However, CPTED has found limited formalised use in the developing world. This paper investigates the application of CPTED to a non-Western setting in the developing world. It explores to what extent local perceptions of community safety align with the Western principles of CPTED in a case study of Gaborone, Botswana. The findings suggest the Western CPTED Audit and the non-Western Setswana respondents in the Community Safety Survey both indicated there were low levels of CPTED features in the environment. However, the local respondents reported high levels of personal safety. The features of CPTED appear to be identified in similar ways but may not be linked...
In Australia, it is estimated that there were 1.3 million incidents of shop thefts in 2011 (Smith... more In Australia, it is estimated that there were 1.3 million incidents of shop thefts in 2011 (Smith, Jorna, Sweeney, & Fuller, Counting the Costs of Crime in Australia: A 2011 Estimate, Research and Public Policy Series No. 129, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2014). The literature highlights a number of situational factors, which can facilitate shoplifting including store layout, security devices and guardianship (Beck, Amplifying Risk in Retail Stores: The Evidence to Date on Making Shop Thieves Think Twice. Brussels: ECR Community, 2016). However, few studies have explored how these are used/perceived by small retail businesses in the Australian context. This chapter presents qualitative research findings from semi-structured interviews with a small sample of six retailers in Perth, Western Australia. This research explores their experiences and perceptions of shoplifting within their stores and their understanding of crime prevention through environmental design/sit...
Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night... more Entertainment districts play a significant role in the post-industrial place-making for the night-time economies of many Western cities, and they are significant contributors to these economies. However, many cities are experiencing increased levels of crime in their alcohol-oriented entertainment districts. This paper explores crime in Northbridge entertainment district in Perth, Western Australia and highlights how the legacy of governance can operate counter-intuitively, to foster crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008), which can increase opportunities for crime. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) are briefly discussed and the authors argued that SCP is a more appropriate strategy to use in the dynamic and complex environmental setting of Northbridge. Based on several years of scientific observation, land-use surveys and pedestrian surveys, the authors provide a critical narrative of Northbridge and crime precipitators after ...
The State's Designing Out Crime Strategy (Office of Crime Prevention, 2007) is committed to r... more The State's Designing Out Crime Strategy (Office of Crime Prevention, 2007) is committed to reducing opportunities for crime and the fear of crime using Designing Out Crime principles and strategies. One of its five goals is to increase / disseminate understanding of Designing Out Crime.This phenomenological case study discusses the development of Designing Out Crime education within Curtin University of Technology's Urban and Regional Planning Department and the dissemination of Designing Out Crime ideas to planning students. Insights on students' knowledge and interest in Designing Out Crime were gathered from a series of urban and regional planning field trips, lectures to students from product design, interior architecture, architecture, urban design and urban and regional planning and the supervision of numerous undergraduate planning dissertations on Designing Out Crime. Along with ongoing research into the Designing Out Crime field, insights from this research and...
This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition ... more This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition (GJ) highlighting a significant lack of research within the criminological literature over the last 50 years. We argue the concept is a key foundation in understanding crime and crime prevention theories and in developing crime prevention strategies. Findings from a systematic review of the literature are presented to illustrate the paucity of research into geographical juxtaposition. We develop and extend the concept of geographical juxtaposition beyond that originally coined by Newman to include all immediate, local, distant, and remote environmental (physical) factors. Additionally, we demonstrate, by reference to practical criminological situations, the significant and extensive role of our revised concept of geographical juxtaposition. In particular, we point to the way that focusing on geographical juxtaposition identifies serious problems in many taken-for-granted assumptions in p...
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