Urban areas within low and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent a confluence of unique and c... more Urban areas within low and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent a confluence of unique and complex risk factors influencing disease dynamics. Continuous growth in the urban population fueled by migration and informal settlements makes these urban city centers conducive to inequality, environmental hazards, and infectious diseases. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between socio-demographic risk factors (age/gender, slum population density, and illiteracy rates) and spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of viral hepatitis, typhoid, and diarrhea in Ahmedabad, India, from 2010 to 2017. The geographical distance of the wards from the river was also considered a potential risk factor. The analysis suggested positive spatial autocorrelation for viral hepatitis, typhoid and diarrhea incidence. The results of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Spatial Lag Regression (SLR) models identified slum population density as a significant risk factor for all three diseases. Furthe...
INTRODUCTION Enteric Fever (EF) affects over 14.5 million people every year globally, with India ... more INTRODUCTION Enteric Fever (EF) affects over 14.5 million people every year globally, with India accounting for the largest share of this burden. The water-borne nature of the disease makes it prone to be influenced as much by unsanitary living conditions as by climatic factors. The detection and quantification of the climatic effect can lead to improved public health measures which would in turn reduce this burden. METHODOLOGY We obtained a list of monthly Widal positive EF cases from 1995 to 2017 from Ahmedabad and Surat Municipalities. We obtained population data, daily weather data, and Oceanic Niño Index values from appropriate sources. We quantified the association between extreme weather events, phases of El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and incidence of EF. RESULTS Both cities showed a seasonal pattern of EF, with cases peaking in early monsoon. Risk of EF was affected equally in both cities by the monsoon season -- Ahmedabad (35%) and Surat (34%). Extreme precipitation was associated with 5% increase in EF in Ahmedabad but not in Surat. Similarly, phases of ENSO had opposite effects on EF across the two cities. In Ahmedabad, strong El Niño months were associated with 64% increase in EF risk while strong La Niña months with a 41% reduction in risk. In Surat, strong El Niño was associated with 25% reduction in risk while moderate La Niña with 21% increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the risk of EF incidence in Gujarat is highly variable, even between the two cities only 260 kms apart. In addition to improvements in water supply and sewage systems, preventive public health measures should incorporate variability in risk across season and phases of ENSO. Further studies are needed to characterize nationwide heterogeneity in climate-mediated risk, and to identify most vulnerable populations that can benefit through early warning systems.
Objective: To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of... more Objective: To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of Ahmedabad and report preliminary findings regarding the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillations and Indian Ocean Dipole over enteric fever incidence. Method: A total of 29 808 Widal positive enteric fever cases reported by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data in 1985-2017 from Ahmedabad Meteorology Department were analysed. El Niño, La Niña, neutral and Indian Ocean Dipole years as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the same period were compared for the incidence of enteric fever. Results: Population-normalized average monthly enteric fever case rates were the highest for El Niño years (25.5), lower for La Niña years (20.5) and lowest for neutral years (17.6). A repeated measures ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference in case rates during the three yearly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories. However, visual profile plot of estimated marginal monthly means showed two distinct characteristics: an early rise and peaking of cases in the El Niño and La Niña years, and a much more restrained rise without conspicuous peaks in neutral years. Further analysis based on monthly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories was conducted to detect differences in median monthly case rates. Median case rates in strong and moderate El Niño months and strong La Niña months were significantly dissimilar from that during neutral months (P<0.001). Conclusions: El Niño Southern Oscillations events influence the incidence of enteric fever cases in Ahmedabad, and further investigation from more cities and towns is required.
ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the diversity pattern and fungicidal potential of bacteria... more ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the diversity pattern and fungicidal potential of bacterial endophytes isolated from two different organic varieties of tomato plants (V1 and V2). A total of seventy-four bacterial isolates identified by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a single genus Bacillus with 16 different species. The Shannon diversity H’ (1.45), Simpson’s index of diversity (0.9), Magalef’ index (2.1), Evenness (0.96), and Species richness (8) indicated the high endophytic bacterial diversity in the V1 variety of the tomato. Bacterial endophytes isolated from both the varieties were screened for their antifungal activity against five economically critical fungal pathogens (viz., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticillium lateritium, and Alternaria solani) of tomato crop through dual culture assay. The data revealed B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) as the most potent antagonist significantly (p < 0.05), inhibiting the mycelial growth between 75 to 90% ag...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2021
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various hallmarks associated with the progression of human... more Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various hallmarks associated with the progression of human cancers through their binding with RNA, DNA, and proteins. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a cardinal and multi-stage process where epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype that is instrumental for tumor cells to initiate invasion and metastasis. LncRNAs can potentially promote tumor onset and progression as well as drug resistance by directly or indirectly altering the EMT program. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a dreadful malignancy affecting public health globally. The past few years have provided a better insight into the mechanism of EMT in HNSCC. The differential expression of the lncRNAs that can act either as promoters or suppressors in the process of EMT is of great importance. In this review, we aim to sum up, the highly structured mechanism with the diverse role of lncRNAs and their interaction with different molecules in the regulation of EMT. Moreover, discussing principal EMT pathways modulated by lncRNAs and their prospective potential value as therapeutic targets.
ObjectiveThis study is an attempt to explore the relationship of EF incidence with climate variab... more ObjectiveThis study is an attempt to explore the relationship of EF incidence with climate variables and ENSO events in the seventh most populous city in India.IntroductionEnteric fever (EF) is a grave systemic infection, which has been controlled quite effectively in developed countries, but continues to be a grave public health concern for India. Environmental drivers such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) are known to influence the transmission of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. India possesses the largest population burden of EF, yet very few studies have explored its climatic associations.MethodsWe analyzed address-confirmed widal positive, monthly EF cases reported by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data recorded by the Meteorology Office from 1986-2017. EF incidence trend in the city was cross validated using EF monthly reports from one large public hospital and from private reports. We also collected data f...
The infection of surgically placed implants is a problem that is both large in magnitude and that... more The infection of surgically placed implants is a problem that is both large in magnitude and that broadly affects nearly all surgical specialties. Implant-associated infections deleteriously affect patient quality-of-life and can lead to greater morbidity, mortality, and cost to the health care system. The impact of this problem has prompted extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigation into decreasing implant infection rates. More recently, antimicrobial approaches that modify or treat the implant directly have been of great interest. These approaches include antibacterial implant coatings (antifouling materials, antibiotics, metal ions, and antimicrobial peptides), antibacterial nanostructured implant surfaces, and antibiotic-releasing implants. This review provides a compendium of these approaches and the clinical applications and outcomes. In general, implant-specific modalities for reducing infections have been effective; however, most applications remain in the preclinical...
Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2022
Introduction: Autoimmunity is the immune response of antibodies against normal cellular component... more Introduction: Autoimmunity is the immune response of antibodies against normal cellular components. With the advent of serological testing for autoimmune disorders, detection of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence method became the gold standard. ANA screening is non-specific, reliable and a quick way and identifies immunofluorescent patterns linked to autoimmune disorders. Aim: This study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of ANA patterns amongst the various demo graph presented in a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Material and Method: 100 serum samples were screened by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in the duration of July 2021 to October 2021. Results: 27% of the serum samples presented with positive ANA patterns out of which 62.96% were nuclear speckled, followed by 22.22% of nuclear homogenous pattern and 7.40% were observed to be cytoplasmic speckled. The age bracket with higher positivity were 20-40 years (28%) and 40-60 (2...
One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming e... more One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming era real world things like cars and buses, homes, factories, machine and tools will be connected to the internet in order to make our lives easy and more comfortable. The IoT aims to incorporate everything in our surroundings under a general infrastructure; it gives us control of things around us as well as keeps us informed of the state of the things. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summarization of Internet of Things, architectures, and fundamental technologies and their usages in our day to day routine. IoT is an apprehensively connected system of smart devices that arrange automatically, share information, data and resources, responding to a situation and changes in the environment.
Cloud Computing has become interesting area among the IT industries. It is a collection of interc... more Cloud Computing has become interesting area among the IT industries. It is a collection of interconnected virtual machines as to serve pay per use model as per the demand and requirements of the users. The main aim of cloud computing is to provide efficient resources to each cloud user who are participating in the network. Cloud computing have various challenges like data sharing, load balancing, information retrieval, security etc. This attempt focuses on load balancing factor for cloud computing by using Ant Colony Optimization. Load Balancing is used to distribute the heavy workload among nodes to all other nodes in cloud environment. It is very helpful for cloud users to achieve proper resource utilization and also maintain fault tolerance using different algorithms like Min Max algorithm, ACO algorithm. In this paper, brief review an introduction of ACO algorithm for cloud computing is presented. Further this paper focuses on load balancing techniques algorithms and also discus...
Purpose: Colistin remains part of the last line drugs used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram neg... more Purpose: Colistin remains part of the last line drugs used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli, like carbapenem resistant GNB. At present CLSI-EUCAST joint recommendations are for using Broth microdilution (BMD) as the reference method for testing colistin susceptibility. This study was undertaken to assess and compare commercially available susceptibility testing methods for MIC determination of colistin against the reference BMD. Method: 510 CRGNB were included under the course of 6 months, from January 2019 to June 2019. Carbapenem resistance was detected by Vitek 2 Compact™ and the isolates were further processed for colistin susceptibility testing by E-test, Vitek 2 Compact™ (Biomerieux, France) and BMD. Result: 32 (6.27%) isolates were found colistin resistant by the reference method BMD. Klebsiella pneumoniae (43.75%) was the predominantly isolated organism, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.25%), Enterobacter cloacae complex (12.5%), Acinetobacter spp.(6...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT), 2020
Software defined network (SDN) is a network paradigm that decouples the control and data plane of... more Software defined network (SDN) is a network paradigm that decouples the control and data plane of network layer by introducing a logically centralized control known as controller. SDN promises network monitoring, easy and instant network implementation and effective central control but at the same time this central control introduces a single point of failure thereby increasing the risk of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Thus, this paper analyses the various types of DDoS attacks that can be performed in SDN environment with the help of various attack models. Further, an attempt is made to analyze such attacks and bring out the features that could uniquely classify legitimate traffic and attack traffic using machine learning techniques. Finally, an Open Network Operating System (ONOS) controller module is developed that could live detect any ongoing DDoS attack.
The last semi centennial has witnessed Dengue’s expansion and escalation into all WHO regions, th... more The last semi centennial has witnessed Dengue’s expansion and escalation into all WHO regions, through the progressive build-up of hyperendemicity, to become the most important mosquito-borne disease in the world. India reports the fourth highest incidence of Dengue in the world, 14 cases per 100,000 population, after Brazil, Malaysia and Mexico. However, in 2014, a complexly designed study showed that India’s Dengue case rate is severely under-reported and estimated it to be probably higher than Brazil’s 291/100,000. India will, in all probability, experience many more outbreaks of Dengue as hyperendemicity gets established in our 4000-odd smaller cities and towns in the years to come. We have characterized the available weapons against Dengue as 3Is – Insecticides, Immunologicals and Innovations. We have reviewed India’s budgetary allocations for Dengue control and surveillance in the past five years. We compare this with expenditures in other Asian countries. While India’s centra...
Background: There has been upsurge in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the uropathogens ov... more Background: There has been upsurge in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the uropathogens over the years. Fluoroquinolones have gained popularity over time and are being used to treat a number of infections. This study was undertaken to assess the distribution patterns of uropathogens and their sensitivity towards levofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Method: A total of 628 urinary pathogens were isolated from the month of June 2018 to December 2018. A semi quantitative method was taken on for the primary isolation of organisms using a calibrated loop which delivers 0.01 ml of urine onto Blood agar and MacConkey agar media plates. The plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Samples with a colony count of ≥10 5 cfu/ ml were considered with significant bacteriuria. The final identification of the organism and its antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on Vitek 2 CompactTM (Biomerieux, France). Result: In this study we isolated 73.5% (462) Gram Negative Bacilli, while 13.69% ...
Locusts are migratory pests. They are always present in the deserts between Mauritania and India ... more Locusts are migratory pests. They are always present in the deserts between Mauritania and India with an invasion area of about 30 million sq. km. They fly downwind in search of lush green vegetation and conducive breeding conditions. When the locust infestations are widespread and heavy, that period of one or two years is called plague. In India, Scheduled Desert Area (SDA) provides favourable breeding conditions to Desert Locusts. The SDA extends over an area of 205,785.45 sq. km. in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. In the year 2020, India is facing the worst Locust Attack since 1993. Locust control operations have been carried out in 1,86,787 hectares area from 11th April 2020 till 19th July 2020 in the states by Locust Circle Offices (LCOs).
Urban areas within low and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent a confluence of unique and c... more Urban areas within low and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent a confluence of unique and complex risk factors influencing disease dynamics. Continuous growth in the urban population fueled by migration and informal settlements makes these urban city centers conducive to inequality, environmental hazards, and infectious diseases. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between socio-demographic risk factors (age/gender, slum population density, and illiteracy rates) and spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of viral hepatitis, typhoid, and diarrhea in Ahmedabad, India, from 2010 to 2017. The geographical distance of the wards from the river was also considered a potential risk factor. The analysis suggested positive spatial autocorrelation for viral hepatitis, typhoid and diarrhea incidence. The results of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Spatial Lag Regression (SLR) models identified slum population density as a significant risk factor for all three diseases. Furthe...
INTRODUCTION Enteric Fever (EF) affects over 14.5 million people every year globally, with India ... more INTRODUCTION Enteric Fever (EF) affects over 14.5 million people every year globally, with India accounting for the largest share of this burden. The water-borne nature of the disease makes it prone to be influenced as much by unsanitary living conditions as by climatic factors. The detection and quantification of the climatic effect can lead to improved public health measures which would in turn reduce this burden. METHODOLOGY We obtained a list of monthly Widal positive EF cases from 1995 to 2017 from Ahmedabad and Surat Municipalities. We obtained population data, daily weather data, and Oceanic Niño Index values from appropriate sources. We quantified the association between extreme weather events, phases of El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and incidence of EF. RESULTS Both cities showed a seasonal pattern of EF, with cases peaking in early monsoon. Risk of EF was affected equally in both cities by the monsoon season -- Ahmedabad (35%) and Surat (34%). Extreme precipitation was associated with 5% increase in EF in Ahmedabad but not in Surat. Similarly, phases of ENSO had opposite effects on EF across the two cities. In Ahmedabad, strong El Niño months were associated with 64% increase in EF risk while strong La Niña months with a 41% reduction in risk. In Surat, strong El Niño was associated with 25% reduction in risk while moderate La Niña with 21% increase in risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the risk of EF incidence in Gujarat is highly variable, even between the two cities only 260 kms apart. In addition to improvements in water supply and sewage systems, preventive public health measures should incorporate variability in risk across season and phases of ENSO. Further studies are needed to characterize nationwide heterogeneity in climate-mediated risk, and to identify most vulnerable populations that can benefit through early warning systems.
Objective: To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of... more Objective: To explore the relationship between climate variables and enteric fever in the city of Ahmedabad and report preliminary findings regarding the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillations and Indian Ocean Dipole over enteric fever incidence. Method: A total of 29 808 Widal positive enteric fever cases reported by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data in 1985-2017 from Ahmedabad Meteorology Department were analysed. El Niño, La Niña, neutral and Indian Ocean Dipole years as reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the same period were compared for the incidence of enteric fever. Results: Population-normalized average monthly enteric fever case rates were the highest for El Niño years (25.5), lower for La Niña years (20.5) and lowest for neutral years (17.6). A repeated measures ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference in case rates during the three yearly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories. However, visual profile plot of estimated marginal monthly means showed two distinct characteristics: an early rise and peaking of cases in the El Niño and La Niña years, and a much more restrained rise without conspicuous peaks in neutral years. Further analysis based on monthly El Niño Southern Oscillations categories was conducted to detect differences in median monthly case rates. Median case rates in strong and moderate El Niño months and strong La Niña months were significantly dissimilar from that during neutral months (P<0.001). Conclusions: El Niño Southern Oscillations events influence the incidence of enteric fever cases in Ahmedabad, and further investigation from more cities and towns is required.
ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the diversity pattern and fungicidal potential of bacteria... more ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the diversity pattern and fungicidal potential of bacterial endophytes isolated from two different organic varieties of tomato plants (V1 and V2). A total of seventy-four bacterial isolates identified by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a single genus Bacillus with 16 different species. The Shannon diversity H’ (1.45), Simpson’s index of diversity (0.9), Magalef’ index (2.1), Evenness (0.96), and Species richness (8) indicated the high endophytic bacterial diversity in the V1 variety of the tomato. Bacterial endophytes isolated from both the varieties were screened for their antifungal activity against five economically critical fungal pathogens (viz., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticillium lateritium, and Alternaria solani) of tomato crop through dual culture assay. The data revealed B. siamensis KCTC 13613(T) as the most potent antagonist significantly (p < 0.05), inhibiting the mycelial growth between 75 to 90% ag...
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2021
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various hallmarks associated with the progression of human... more Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various hallmarks associated with the progression of human cancers through their binding with RNA, DNA, and proteins. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a cardinal and multi-stage process where epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype that is instrumental for tumor cells to initiate invasion and metastasis. LncRNAs can potentially promote tumor onset and progression as well as drug resistance by directly or indirectly altering the EMT program. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a dreadful malignancy affecting public health globally. The past few years have provided a better insight into the mechanism of EMT in HNSCC. The differential expression of the lncRNAs that can act either as promoters or suppressors in the process of EMT is of great importance. In this review, we aim to sum up, the highly structured mechanism with the diverse role of lncRNAs and their interaction with different molecules in the regulation of EMT. Moreover, discussing principal EMT pathways modulated by lncRNAs and their prospective potential value as therapeutic targets.
ObjectiveThis study is an attempt to explore the relationship of EF incidence with climate variab... more ObjectiveThis study is an attempt to explore the relationship of EF incidence with climate variables and ENSO events in the seventh most populous city in India.IntroductionEnteric fever (EF) is a grave systemic infection, which has been controlled quite effectively in developed countries, but continues to be a grave public health concern for India. Environmental drivers such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) are known to influence the transmission of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi. India possesses the largest population burden of EF, yet very few studies have explored its climatic associations.MethodsWe analyzed address-confirmed widal positive, monthly EF cases reported by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and local climate data recorded by the Meteorology Office from 1986-2017. EF incidence trend in the city was cross validated using EF monthly reports from one large public hospital and from private reports. We also collected data f...
The infection of surgically placed implants is a problem that is both large in magnitude and that... more The infection of surgically placed implants is a problem that is both large in magnitude and that broadly affects nearly all surgical specialties. Implant-associated infections deleteriously affect patient quality-of-life and can lead to greater morbidity, mortality, and cost to the health care system. The impact of this problem has prompted extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigation into decreasing implant infection rates. More recently, antimicrobial approaches that modify or treat the implant directly have been of great interest. These approaches include antibacterial implant coatings (antifouling materials, antibiotics, metal ions, and antimicrobial peptides), antibacterial nanostructured implant surfaces, and antibiotic-releasing implants. This review provides a compendium of these approaches and the clinical applications and outcomes. In general, implant-specific modalities for reducing infections have been effective; however, most applications remain in the preclinical...
Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2022
Introduction: Autoimmunity is the immune response of antibodies against normal cellular component... more Introduction: Autoimmunity is the immune response of antibodies against normal cellular components. With the advent of serological testing for autoimmune disorders, detection of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence method became the gold standard. ANA screening is non-specific, reliable and a quick way and identifies immunofluorescent patterns linked to autoimmune disorders. Aim: This study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of ANA patterns amongst the various demo graph presented in a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Material and Method: 100 serum samples were screened by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in the duration of July 2021 to October 2021. Results: 27% of the serum samples presented with positive ANA patterns out of which 62.96% were nuclear speckled, followed by 22.22% of nuclear homogenous pattern and 7.40% were observed to be cytoplasmic speckled. The age bracket with higher positivity were 20-40 years (28%) and 40-60 (2...
One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming e... more One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming era real world things like cars and buses, homes, factories, machine and tools will be connected to the internet in order to make our lives easy and more comfortable. The IoT aims to incorporate everything in our surroundings under a general infrastructure; it gives us control of things around us as well as keeps us informed of the state of the things. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summarization of Internet of Things, architectures, and fundamental technologies and their usages in our day to day routine. IoT is an apprehensively connected system of smart devices that arrange automatically, share information, data and resources, responding to a situation and changes in the environment.
Cloud Computing has become interesting area among the IT industries. It is a collection of interc... more Cloud Computing has become interesting area among the IT industries. It is a collection of interconnected virtual machines as to serve pay per use model as per the demand and requirements of the users. The main aim of cloud computing is to provide efficient resources to each cloud user who are participating in the network. Cloud computing have various challenges like data sharing, load balancing, information retrieval, security etc. This attempt focuses on load balancing factor for cloud computing by using Ant Colony Optimization. Load Balancing is used to distribute the heavy workload among nodes to all other nodes in cloud environment. It is very helpful for cloud users to achieve proper resource utilization and also maintain fault tolerance using different algorithms like Min Max algorithm, ACO algorithm. In this paper, brief review an introduction of ACO algorithm for cloud computing is presented. Further this paper focuses on load balancing techniques algorithms and also discus...
Purpose: Colistin remains part of the last line drugs used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram neg... more Purpose: Colistin remains part of the last line drugs used to treat multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacilli, like carbapenem resistant GNB. At present CLSI-EUCAST joint recommendations are for using Broth microdilution (BMD) as the reference method for testing colistin susceptibility. This study was undertaken to assess and compare commercially available susceptibility testing methods for MIC determination of colistin against the reference BMD. Method: 510 CRGNB were included under the course of 6 months, from January 2019 to June 2019. Carbapenem resistance was detected by Vitek 2 Compact™ and the isolates were further processed for colistin susceptibility testing by E-test, Vitek 2 Compact™ (Biomerieux, France) and BMD. Result: 32 (6.27%) isolates were found colistin resistant by the reference method BMD. Klebsiella pneumoniae (43.75%) was the predominantly isolated organism, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (31.25%), Enterobacter cloacae complex (12.5%), Acinetobacter spp.(6...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT), 2020
Software defined network (SDN) is a network paradigm that decouples the control and data plane of... more Software defined network (SDN) is a network paradigm that decouples the control and data plane of network layer by introducing a logically centralized control known as controller. SDN promises network monitoring, easy and instant network implementation and effective central control but at the same time this central control introduces a single point of failure thereby increasing the risk of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Thus, this paper analyses the various types of DDoS attacks that can be performed in SDN environment with the help of various attack models. Further, an attempt is made to analyze such attacks and bring out the features that could uniquely classify legitimate traffic and attack traffic using machine learning techniques. Finally, an Open Network Operating System (ONOS) controller module is developed that could live detect any ongoing DDoS attack.
The last semi centennial has witnessed Dengue’s expansion and escalation into all WHO regions, th... more The last semi centennial has witnessed Dengue’s expansion and escalation into all WHO regions, through the progressive build-up of hyperendemicity, to become the most important mosquito-borne disease in the world. India reports the fourth highest incidence of Dengue in the world, 14 cases per 100,000 population, after Brazil, Malaysia and Mexico. However, in 2014, a complexly designed study showed that India’s Dengue case rate is severely under-reported and estimated it to be probably higher than Brazil’s 291/100,000. India will, in all probability, experience many more outbreaks of Dengue as hyperendemicity gets established in our 4000-odd smaller cities and towns in the years to come. We have characterized the available weapons against Dengue as 3Is – Insecticides, Immunologicals and Innovations. We have reviewed India’s budgetary allocations for Dengue control and surveillance in the past five years. We compare this with expenditures in other Asian countries. While India’s centra...
Background: There has been upsurge in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the uropathogens ov... more Background: There has been upsurge in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the uropathogens over the years. Fluoroquinolones have gained popularity over time and are being used to treat a number of infections. This study was undertaken to assess the distribution patterns of uropathogens and their sensitivity towards levofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Method: A total of 628 urinary pathogens were isolated from the month of June 2018 to December 2018. A semi quantitative method was taken on for the primary isolation of organisms using a calibrated loop which delivers 0.01 ml of urine onto Blood agar and MacConkey agar media plates. The plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Samples with a colony count of ≥10 5 cfu/ ml were considered with significant bacteriuria. The final identification of the organism and its antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on Vitek 2 CompactTM (Biomerieux, France). Result: In this study we isolated 73.5% (462) Gram Negative Bacilli, while 13.69% ...
Locusts are migratory pests. They are always present in the deserts between Mauritania and India ... more Locusts are migratory pests. They are always present in the deserts between Mauritania and India with an invasion area of about 30 million sq. km. They fly downwind in search of lush green vegetation and conducive breeding conditions. When the locust infestations are widespread and heavy, that period of one or two years is called plague. In India, Scheduled Desert Area (SDA) provides favourable breeding conditions to Desert Locusts. The SDA extends over an area of 205,785.45 sq. km. in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. In the year 2020, India is facing the worst Locust Attack since 1993. Locust control operations have been carried out in 1,86,787 hectares area from 11th April 2020 till 19th July 2020 in the states by Locust Circle Offices (LCOs).
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