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A-normal form (ANF) is a widely studied intermediate form in which local control and data flow is made explicit in syntax, and a normal form in which many programs with equivalent control-flow graphs have a single normal syntactic representation. However,...

For decades, operational technology (OT) has enjoyed the luxury of being suitably inaccessible, and thus has experienced directly targeted cyber attacks from only the most advanced and well-resourced adversaries. However, security via obscurity cannot ...

• Mine the information entropy values of decomposed subsequences and propose a new evaluation metric.
• Execute multiple decomposition algorithms to adaptively integrate feature subspaces.
• Design a cross-modal attention fusion ...

In large-scale power systems, accurately detecting and diagnosing the type of faults when they occur in the grid is a challenging problem. The classification performance of most existing grid fault diagnosis methods depends on the richness and ...

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which integrate control, computing, and communication, are considered as next-generation intelligent systems.A major concern in CPS is to ensure security. If security is not ensured, then it leads to both property ...

Deep learning methods for time series have already reached excellent performances in both prediction and classification tasks, including anomaly detection. However, the complexity inherent in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) creates a challenge when ...

Search-based software testing (SBST) is widely used to verify software systems. SBST iteratively generates new test inputs driven by fitness functions, i.e., objective functions that guide the test case generation. In previous work, we proposed ATheNA, a ...

The number of complex cyber-attacks, such as Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), on Critical Infrastructures (CIs) continues to rise. Recently, attackers have targeted lower layers of the Purdue model, specifically the Operational Technology (OT) ...

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are new systems designed to support and synthesize sensing, communication, and computing components that interact with physical objects so that the system can sense, monitor, control, and respond to changes occurring in their ...

We present our tool for the segmentation of temporal behavior trees (TBT), a novel formalism for monitoring specifications. TBTs can be easily retrofitted to behavior trees, commonly used to program robotic applications. Our tool supports the robustness ...

Security risk assessment is an important challenge in the design of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Even more importantly, the intrinsically dynamical nature of these systems, due to changes in their environment, as well as evolutions in their ...

• We propose and implement a framework for self-adaptive security in CPS.
• Our approach involves Security Risk Assessment, taking into account QoS aspects.
• We formalize the on-line decision problem to be solved using Constraint ...

In smart Cyber-Physical Systems (sCPS), a critical challenge lies in task planning under uncertainty. There is a broad body of work in the area with approaches able to deal with different classes of constraints (e.g., ordering, structural) and ...

Electric vehicle technology has brought some important issues to order. Securing the communication between electric vehicle and charging station is an important one. The International Organization for Standardization released ISO 15118 standard ...

We investigated the feasibility of automating the modeling of collaborative problem-solving skills encompassing both social and cognitive aspects. Leveraging a diverse array of cutting-edge techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and ...

Recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their remarkable capabilities across a range of tasks. Questions, however, persist about the nature of LLMs and their potential to integrate common-sense human knowledge when ...

This article presents Eciton, a very low-power recurrent neural network accelerator for time series data within low-power edge sensor nodes, achieving real-time inference with a power consumption of 17 mW under load. Eciton reduces memory and chip ...

The management and control of heterogeneous IoT devices in cyber-physical systems (CPS) involves ensuring authorized access to cloud-stored data, including instructions, commands, and configuration settings, and issuing them securely to IoT devices for ...

Through experiments, this paper verifies the practicability and effectiveness of the deconvolution deblurring algorithm. Through fuzzy kernel estimation and sharp edge recovery, we have effectively improved the defects of traditional edge detection ...

The continuous growth of cyber–physical systems (CPS) attacks, especially due to the conflict in Ukraine, has highlighted the need for cybersecurity management mechanisms, due to the catastrophic consequences that a failure or attack ...

• Description of the MUD standard and integration of its model in the modelling process of the MUD model in the modelling process.

Search-based software testing (SBST) typically relies on fitness functions to guide the search exploration toward software failures. There are two main techniques to define fitness functions: (a) automated fitness function computation from the ...

In real life, interdependent networks are common and their robustness has received considerable attention. When an interdependent network is attacked, the failure may propagate along the links to the whole network. Among them, adding inter-links is an ...