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Satellite signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are refracted as they pass through the troposphere, owing to the variable density and composition of the atmosphere, causing tropospheric delay. Typically, tropospheric delay is ...

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) have historically been known as two independent precise positioning techniques due to their respective evolutions and applications. While both rely on a network of stations to ...

In recent years, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-derived zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) has emerged as a vital component in positioning and meteorological studies. However, limitations arise from the scarcity of GNSS stations and ...

To address the lack of publicly available inter-frequency clock bias (IFCB) products and the impact of IFCB on real-time or near-real-time multi-frequency precision positioning, a MATLAB-based software for multi-GNSS IFCB estimation and forecast (...

The Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) has undergone substantial development in recent years, offering users free access to GPS and Galileo satellite orbit, clock, and code bias corrections for Precise Point Positioning (PPP) on a global scale. ...

Ionospheric scintillation interferes with the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observation precision by random diffractive residuals, leading the elevation-dependent stochastic model to be invalid for precise point positioning (PPP). ...

The purpose of this study is to make evaluation related to the significant determinants of the effectiveness of the carbon footprint-based investments while constructing a novel decision-making model. At the first stage, selected five ...

• Determinants of the effectiveness of the carbon footprint-based investments are examined.
• A novel decision-making model is constructed.
• M-SWARA is considered to weight the indicators and MOORA technique is used to rank ...

The Galileo high accuracy service (HAS) is a new capability of the European global navigation satellite system, currently providing satellite orbit and clock corrections and dispersive effects such as satellite instrumental biases for code and ...

High received signal noise and limited multipath suppression capabilities cannot be neglected when it comes to smartphone-grade GNSS receivers and antennas and, along with frequent carrier-phase measurement discontinuities and losses, pose a ...

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) features a heterogeneous constellation, which poses challenges in accurately characterizing the spatiotemporal correlations of multipath effects and effectively mitigating these effects using a single ...

Precise point positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic techniques are interesting in several sectors, especially for autonomous applications. These users have high accuracy needs coupled with stringent requirements on continuity, availability, ...

In this paper, we examine the nature of public and private sector cooperation in the field of electronic identity (eID). We provide an overview of existing theoretical frameworks of public-private partnership (PPP) cooperation models and analyze ...

Global navigation satellite system precise point positioning (PPP) technology can be significantly affected by multipath errors of code and phase observations. Previous studies using multipath hemispherical map (MHM) to mitigate multipath highly ...

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations are commonly processed using various established methods, including the processing of ionospheric-free (IF) linear combinations (LC), differences of observations as well as the processing of ...

Projects carried out under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) forms are increasingly being used for construction, new infrastructure implementation, urban redevelopment operations and more general land interventions. PPP projects, due to their ...

In 2020, BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) officially launched a real-time precise point positioning (PPP) service via the B2b signal broadcast by 3 BDS-3 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. This featured service of BDS-3, ...

In the development process of the current PPP model, the government's faithless behaviour is common, leading to the PPP project can not be smoothly promoted, and even affect the government's administrative integrity and credibility, so from the ...

The EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) currently consists of more than 300 evenly distributed continuously operating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reference stations. As a result of the continuous modernization of GNSS systems, the ...

A high-precision real-time troposphere model is constructed by combining ground-based GNSS observation data and the latest European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5). First, the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) is ...

Precise point positioning (PPP) can currently achieve time transfer to a precision of one hundred picoseconds. However, the long convergence time is the main drawback of this popular time and frequency transfer method. It is well known that the ...