Abstract
This experiment examines how, high and low mechanical and spatial abilities, learners understand an animation. Two variables were manipulated: the controllability of the animations and the task type of the learners to study the device. The comprehension test results indicated a positive effect of a fully controllable animation and also a positive effect of task type, when the attention of the learner is focused on the functional model and on local kinematics. The eye tracking data indicated that the learners attend more to the areas of the animations where a great amount of motion is involved along the causal chain of events. We show an effect of the controllability of the system and of the task type of the learner on the amount of eye fixations and on the number of transitions between areas that included the causal chain.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baccino, T.: La lecture électronique. Presses Universitaires de Grenoble (2004)
Bennet, G.K., Seashore, H.G., Wesman, A.G.: Differential aptitude test, 5th edn. ECPA (1973, 2002)
Bétrancourt, M., Réalini, N.: Le contrôle sur le déroulement de l’animation. 11ème JETCSIC, Juin 17, Nice (2005)
Bétrancourt, M.: The animation and interactivity principles in multimedia learning. In: Mayer, R. (ed.) The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning, pp. 287–296. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)
Bétrancourt, M., Tversky, B.: Effect of computer animation on user’s performance: a review. Le travail humain 4(63), 311–329 (2000)
Bogacz, S., Trafton, J.G.: Understanding dynamic and static displays: using images to reason dynamically. Cognitive Systems Research (Corrected Proof) (in press, 2005)
Boucheix, J.M.: Children interaction with technical animations: user control and attentionnal cues (submitted)
Boucheix, J.M., Guignard, H.: Which animation condition can improve text comprehension in children? European Journal of Psychology of Education 20(4), 369–388 (2005)
Boucheix, J.M., Schneider, E.: Designing “apprehendable” animation features to enhance mental animation in multimedia comprehension: micro steps format and user control (submitted)
Ferguson, E.L., Mary, H.: Learning with real machines or diagrams: application of knowledge to real-word problems. Cognition and Instruction 13(1), 126–160 (1995)
Hegarty, M.: Mental Animation: Inferring Motion From Static Displays of Mechanical Systems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 18(5), 1084–1102 (1992)
Hegarty, M.: Mechanical reasoning by mental simulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(6), 280–285 (2004)
Hegarty, M.: Multimedia learning about physical system. In: Mayer, R. (ed.) The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning, pp. 447–465. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)
Hegarty, M., Just, M.A.: Understanding machines from text and diagrams. In: Mandl, H., Levin, J.R. (eds.) Knowledge acquisition from text and pictures, pp. 171–194. North-Holland/Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1989)
Hegarty, M., Just, M.A.: Constructing mental models from texts and diagrams. Journal of Memory and Language 32, 717–742 (1993)
Hegarty, M., Sims, V.K.: Individual differences in mental animation during mechanical reasoning. Memory & Cognition 22, 411–430 (1994)
Hidrio, C., Jamet, E.: Compréhension d’un dispositif technique: apports d’une illustration dynamique et des traitements multiples. Psychologie Française 47-1, 61–67 (2002)
Lowe, R.K.: Extracting information from an animation during complex visual learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education; Special Issues: visual Learning, Schnotz, W. (ed.)vol. XIV(2), pp. 225–244 (1999)
Lowe, R.K.: Interrogation of a dynamic visualization during learning. Learning and Instruction 14, 257–274 (2004)
Mayer, R.E.: Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
Mayer, R.E., Chandler, P.: When learning is just a clik away: does simple user interaction foster deeper understanding of multimedia messages. Journal of Educational Psychology 93, 390–397 (2001)
Narayanan, N.H., Hegarty, M.: On designing comprehensible interactive hypermedia manuals. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 48, 267–301 (1998)
Narayanan, H.N., Hegarty, M.: Multimedia design for communication of dynamic information. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 57(4), 279–315 (2002)
Palmiter, S., Elkerton, J.: Animated demonstrations for learning procedural computer-based tasks. Human-Computer Interaction 8, 193–216 (1993)
Rieber, L.P., Tzeng, S.-C., Tribble, K.: Discovery learning, representation, and explanation within a computer-based simulation: finding the right mix. Learning and Instruction 14(3), 307–323 (2004)
Rouet, J.F., Merlet, S., Ros, C., Richard, E., Michaux, C.: Effects of animated illustrations on the comprehension of an expository text. In: Poster Session of EARLI-SIG, Comprehension of Verbal and Pictorial Information, Poitiers, August 29 (2002)
Schwan, S., Riempp, R.: The cognitive benefits of interactive videos: learning to tie nautical knots. Learning and Instruction 14, 293–305 (2004)
Schnotz, W., Grzondiel, H.: Individual and co-operative learning with interactive animated pictures. European Journal of Psychology of Education XIV, 245–265 (1999)
Sims, V.K., Hegarty, M.: Mental animation in the visuospatial sketchpad: evidence from dual-task studies. Memory and Cognition 25(3), 321–332 (1997)
Tassini, S., Bétrancourt, M.: Le contrôle sur l’animation influence-t-elle le niveau d’efficacité cognitive de l’animation. Neuvièmes Journées JETCSIC, 21, Dijon, juin (2003)
Tversky, B., Bauer-Morrison, J., Bétrancourt, M.: Animation: can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 57, 247–262 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schneider, E., Boucheix, JM. (2006). On Line Elaboration of a Mental Model During the Understanding of an Animation. In: Barker-Plummer, D., Cox, R., Swoboda, N. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrams 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 4045. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11783183_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11783183_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-35623-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35624-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)