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I/O-model

1988; Aggarwal, Vitter

  • Reference work entry
Encyclopedia of Algorithms

  • 233 Accesses

Keywords and Synonyms

External-memory model ; Disk access model (DAM)

Definition

The Input/Output model (I/O-model) [1] views the computer as consisting of a processor, internal memory (RAM), and external memory (disk). See Fig. 1. The internal memory is of limited size, large enough to hold M data items. The external memory is of conceptually unlimited size and is divided into blocks of B consecutive data items. All computation has to happen on data in internal memory. Data is brought into internal memory and written back to external memory using I/O-operations (I/Os), which are performed explicitly by the algorithm. Each such operation reads or writes one block of data from or to external memory. The complexity of an algorithm in this model is the number of I/Os it performs.

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The I/O-model

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Recommended Reading

  1. Aggarwal, A., Vitter, J.S.: The input/output complexity of sorting and related problems. Commun. ACM 31(9), 1116–1127 (1988)

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  2. Arge, L.: External memory data structures. In: Abello, J., Pardalos, P.M., Resende, M.G.C. (eds.) Handbook of Massive Data Sets, pp. 313–357. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002)

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  3. Arge, L.: The buffer tree: A technique for designing batched external data structures. Algorithmica 37(1), 1–24 (2003)

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  4. Bayer, R., McCreight, E.: Organization of large ordered indexes. Acta Inform. 1, 173–189 (1972)

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  5. Nodine, M.H., Vitter, J.S.: Deterministic distribution sort in shared and distributed memory multiprocessors. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, pp. 120–129. Velen, June/July 1993

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  6. Nodine, M.H., Vitter, J.S.: Greed Sort: An optimal sorting algorithm for multiple disks. J. ACM 42(4), 919–933 (1995)

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  7. STXXL: C++ Standard Library for Extra Large Data Sets. http://stxxl.sourceforge.net. Accessed: 15 March 2008

  8. TPIE − A Transparent Parallel I/O-Environment. http://www.cs.duke.edu/TPIE. Accessed: 15 March 2008

  9. Vitter, J.S.: External memory algorithms and data structures: Dealing with massive data. ACM Comput. Surv. 33(2), 209–271 (2001)

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  10. Vitter, J.S., Shriver, E.A.M.: Algorithms for parallel memory I: Two-level memories. Algorithmica 12(2–3), 110–147 (1994)

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Norbert Zeh

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  1. Norbert Zeh
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceMcCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA

    Ming-Yang Kao Professor of Computer Science

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© 2008 Springer-Verlag

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Zeh, N. (2008). I/O-model. In: Kao, MY. (eds) Encyclopedia of Algorithms. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30162-4_190

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