Abstract
The concept of goals is prominent in information systems and also artificial intelligence literature such as goal-oriented requirements engineering and self-adaptive systems. Digital motivation systems, e.g. gamification and persuasive technology, utilise the concept of behavioural goals which require a different mind-set on how to elicit and set them up, how to monitor deviation from such goals and how to ensure their completion. Behavioural goals are characterised by a range of factors which are not the main focus in classic information systems and AI literature such as self-efficacy, perceived usefulness. To engineer software supporting goal setting, a concretised taxonomy of goals would help a better-managed analysis and design process. In this paper, we provide a detailed classification of behavioural goals and their associated properties and elements (types, sources, monitoring, feedback, deviation and countermeasures). As a method, we review the literature on goal setting theory and its application in different disciplines. We subsequently develop five reference checklists which would act as a reference point for researchers and practitioners in persuasive and motivational systems.
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This work has been partially supported by the EROGamb project funded jointly by GambleAware and Bournemouth University.
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Appendices
Appendix 1. References for Reference Checklists
Reference checklists | Papers which where included in the literature review |
|---|---|
Sources of behavioural goals | Bickmore et al. (2005), Herrmanny et al. (2016), Kim and Hamner (1976), Landers et al. (2015), Mangos and Steele-Johnson (2001), Oettingen et al. (2000), Schunk (1996), Smith et al. (1990), Sobell et al. (1992), Van Hoye et al. (2012) |
Behavioural goal identifiers | Bandura and Simon (1977), Curtin et al. (2001), Damon (1989), Emir and Judge (2001), Fanta et al. (2005), Mahfud et al. (2011), Michelle et al. (2016), Miriam et al. (1990), Nahrgang et al. (2013), Nothwehr and Yang (2007), Schweitzer et al. (2004) |
Behavioural goal elicitation methods | Boekaerts and Corno (2005), Butler (1997), Consolvo et al. (2006), DeWalt et al. (2009), Enggasser et al. (2015), Erez and Arad (1986), Litchfield et al. (2011), Ussher et al. (2003), Zhu et al. (2012) |
Behavioural goals monitoring and feedback | Abrahamse (2007), Alitto et al. (2016), Hamner and Harnett (1974), Johnson et al. (1997), Koskosas and Asimopoulos (2011), Lin et al. (2006), Loock et al. (2013), Munson and Consolvo (2012), Ries et al. (2014), Schunk (1983), Schunk and Swartz (1993), Seijts and Latham (2001), Vance and Colella (1990), Wijsman et al. (2013), Zimmerman et al. (1992) |
Deviation from behavioural goals and countermeasures | Annesi (2002), Asmus et al. (2015), Aunurrafiq et al. (2015), Bergen et al. (1992), Bodenheimer and Handley (2009), Brusso and Orvis (2013), Burke and Settles (2011), Consolvo et al. (2009), Croteau (2004), Erez and Zidon (1984), Gasser et al. (2006), Glasgow et al. (1996), Hansen and Wills (2014), Koskosas (2009), Latham and Seijts (1999), McCalley and Midden (2002), Oettingen et al. (2001), Saini and Lacroix (2009), Shilts et al. (2004), van Houwelingen and van Raaij (1989) |
Appendix 2: References for Reference Checklists in Alphabetical Order
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Cham, S., Algashami, A., McAlaney, J., Stefanidis, A., Phalp, K., Ali, R. (2019). Goal Setting for Persuasive Information Systems: Five Reference Checklists. In: Oinas-Kukkonen, H., Win, K., Karapanos, E., Karppinen, P., Kyza, E. (eds) Persuasive Technology: Development of Persuasive and Behavior Change Support Systems. PERSUASIVE 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11433. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17287-9_20
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