Abstract
Increasing memory bandwidth bottleneck, die cost, lower yields at scaled nodes and need for more compact and power efficient devices have led to sustained innovations in integration methodologies. While the semiconductor market has already started witnessing some of these in product forms, many other techniques are currently under investigation in both academia and industry. In this chapter, we explore a 2.5D integrated system where the interconnects are modelled in the form of coplanar microstrip lines. A model is developed to understand the behavior of these wireline structures and is used to study their signaling characteristics. Generally, the conventional NRZ signaling is used to transmit data. As an alternative, we explore a higher order modulation scheme, namely, PAM4. Through the simulation study, we demonstrate that PAM4 can provide up to 63% better energy efficiency and 27% higher bandwidth density than NRZ.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hennessy, J.: The End of Moore’s Law & Faster General Purpose Computing, and a New Golden Age, DARPA ERI Summit, July 2018
Holt, B.: Advancing Moore’s Law. Intel Investor Meeting, Santa Clara (2015)
LaPadeus, M.: Big Trouble At 3nm, Semiconductor Engineering, June 2018. https://semiengineering.com/big-trouble-at-3nm/
Zhang, X., Im, S.H., Huang, R., Ho, P.S.: Chip package interactions. In: Bakir, M., Meindl, J. (eds.) Integrated Interconnect Technologies for 3D Nanoelectronic Systems, Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, Chapter 2 (2008)
Iyer, S.S.: Heterogeneous Integration for Performance and Scaling. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 6, 973–982 (2016)
Mahajan, R., et al.: Embedded multidie interconnect bridge–a localized, high-density multichip packaging interconnect. IEEE Trans. Compon. Package. Manuf. Technol. 9(10), 1952–1962 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2019.2942708
Collaert, N.: 1.3 future scaling: where systems and technology meet. In: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), pp. 25–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC19947.2020.9063033
Heterogeneous Integration Roadmap (HIR): Chapter 22: Interconnects for 2D and 3D Architectures. https://eps.ieee.org/images/files/HIR_2019/HIR1_ch22_2D-3D.pdf
Lee, H.J., Mahajan, R., Sheikh, F., Nagisetty, R., Deo, M.: Multi-die integration using advanced packaging technologies. In: IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), pp. 1–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/CICC48029.2020.9075901
Erdmann, C., et al.: A heterogeneous 3D-IC consisting of two 28 nm FPGA die and 32 reconfigurable high-performance data converters. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 50(1), 258–269 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2014.2357432
Kim, D.H., et al.: Design and analysis of 3D-MAPS (3D massively parallel processor with stacked memory). IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(1), 112–125 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2013.192
Lin, M.S., et al.: A 7nm 4GHz Arm®-core-based CoWoS® Chiplet design for high performance computing. In: Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan, pp. C28–C29 (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/VLSIC.2019.8778161
Vivet, P., et al.: 2.3 a 220GOPS 96-core processor with 6 Chiplets 3D-stacked on an active interposer offering 0.6 ns/mm latency, 3Tb/s/mm2 Inter-Chiplet Interconnects and 156mW/mm2@ 82%-Peak-Efficiency DC-DC Converters. In: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 46–48 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC19947.2020.9062927
Mahajan, R., et al.: Embedded multi-die interconnect bridge (EMIB) - a high density, high bandwidth packaging interconnect. In: IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 557–565 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2016.201
Jo, P.K., Rajan, S.K., Gonzalez, J.L., Bakir, M.S.: Embedded polylithic integration of 2.5-D and 3-d chiplets enabled by multi-height and fine-pitch CMIs. IEEE Trans. Comput. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 10(9), 1474–1481 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCPMT.2020.3011325
England, L., Arsovski, I.: Advanced packaging saves the day! - How TSV technology will enable continued scaling. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, pp. 3.5.1–3.5.4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268320
Wei, H., Shulaker, M., Wong, H.S.P., Mitra, S.: Monolithic three-dimensional integration of carbon nanotube FET complementary logic circuits. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Washington, DC, pp. 19.7.1–19.7.4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.2013.6724663
Liu, C., Lim, S.K.: A design tradeoff study with monolithic 3D integration. In: International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Santa Clara, CA, pp. 529–536 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISQED.2012.6187545
Beyne, E.: Short course on: heterogeneous system partitioning and the 3D interconnect technology landscape. In: Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits (2020)
Kaul, A., Peng, X., Kochupurackal Rajan, S., Yu, S., Bakir, M.S.: Thermal modeling of 3D polylithic integration and implications on BEOL RRAM performance. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Virtual Conference (2020)
Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Bakir, M.S.: Benchmarking digital die-to-die channels in 2.5-D and 3-D heterogeneous integration platforms. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 65(12), 5460–5467 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2018.2876688
Sinha, S., et al.: A high-density logic-on-logic 3DIC design using face-to-face hybrid wafer-bonding on 12nm FinFET process. IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Virtual Conference (2020)
Panth, S., Samadi, K., Du, Y., Lim, S.K.: High-density integration of functional modules using monolithic 3D-IC technology. In: Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), Yokohama, pp. 681–686 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ASPDAC.2013.6509679
Lee, C.C., et al.: An overview of the development of a GPU with integrated HBM on silicon interposer. In: Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 1439–1444 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECTC.2016.348
Tsugawa, H., et al.: Pixel/DRAM/logic 3-layer stacked CMOS image sensor technology. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, 2017, pp. 3.2.1–3.2.4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.2017.8268317
Srimani, T., Hills, G., Lau, C., Shulaker, M.: Monolithic three-dimensional imaging system: carbon nanotube computing circuitry integrated directly over silicon imager. In: IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, Japan, 2019, pp. T24–T25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/VLSIT.2019.8776514
Shulaker, M.M., et al.: Three-dimensional integration of nanotechnologies for computing and data storage on a single chip. Nature 547, 74–78 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22994
Lee, J.C.: High bandwidth memory(HBM) with TSV technique. In: International SoC Conference(ISOCC), Jeju, pp. 181–182 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISOCC.2016.7799847
Gomes, W., et al.: 8.1 Lakefield and mobility compute: A 3D stacked 10nm and 22FFL hybrid processor system in 1212mm2, 1mm package-on-package. In: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 144–146 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSCC19947.2020.9062957
Batude, P., et al.: 3D monolithic integration. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Rio de Janeiro, pp. 2233–2236 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2011.5938045
Bishop, M.D., Wong, H.S.P., Mitra, S., Shulaker, M.M.: Monolithic 3-D integration. IEEE Micro 39(6), 16–27 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2019.2942982
Kirschning, M., Jansen, R.H.: Accurate wide-range design equations for the frequency dependent characteristic of parallel coupled microstrip lines. MTT-32, January 1984. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132616
Veyres, C, Fouad Hanna, V. : Extension of the application of conformal mapping techniques to coplanar lines with finite dimensions. Int. J. Electron. 48(1), 47–56 (1980)
Ghione, G., Naldi, C.U.: Parameters of coplanar waveguides with lower ground plane. Electron. Lett. 19(18), 734–735 (1983)
Ghione, G., Naldi, C.U.: Coplanar waveguides for MMIC applications: effect of upper shielding, conductor backing, finite-extent ground planes, and line-to-line coupling. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 35(3), 260–267 (1987)
Bedair, S., Wolff, I.: Fast and accurate analytic formulas for calculating the parameters of a general broadside-coupled coplanar waveguide for MMIC applications. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 37(5), 843–850 (1989)
Wang, Y.C., Okoro, J.A.: Impedance calculations for modified coplanar waveguides. Int. J. Electron. 68(5), 861–875 (1990)
Simons, R.N.: Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems. Wiley (2001). ISBN 0-471-16121-7
Saligram, R, Kaul, A, Bakir, M. S, Raychowdhury, A: A model study of multilevel signaling for high-speed chiplet-to-chiplet communication in 2.5D integration. In: 28th IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC), October 2020
Saberi, M., Lotfi, R., Mafinezhad, K., Serdijn, W.A.: Analysis of power consumption and linearity in capacitive digital-to-analog converters used in successive approximation ADCs. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regular Papers 58 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2011.2107214
O’Driscoll, S., Shenoy, K. V., Meng, T. H.: Adaptive resolution ADC array for an implantable neural sensor. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 5(2), 120–130 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2011.2145418
Murmann, B.: Energy Limits in A/D Converters, SSCS Talk (2012)
Jeong, D.K., Borriello, G., Hodges, D.A., Katz, R.H.: Design of PLL-based clock generation circuits. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 22(2), pp. 255–261 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.1987.1052710
Duarte, D., Vijaykrisnan, N., Irwin, M.J.: A complete phase-locked loop power consumption model. In: Proceedings 2002 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, Paris, France, 2002, p. 1108. https://doi.org/10.1109/DATE.2002.998464
Rabaey, J.: Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective. Prentice-Hall International, NJ (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Saligram, R., Kaul, A., Bakir, M.S., Raychowdhury, A. (2021). Multilevel Signaling for High-Speed Chiplet-to-Chiplet Communication. In: Calimera, A., Gaillardon, PE., Korgaonkar, K., Kvatinsky, S., Reis, R. (eds) VLSI-SoC: Design Trends. VLSI-SoC 2020. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 621. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81641-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81641-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81640-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81641-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)