Abstract
Spectrum sensing is essential in opportunistic cognitive radio (CR) systems for detecting primary users’ (PUs’) activities and protecting the PUs against harmful interference. By extending the perfect spectrum sensing in the literature to more realistic situations, a new random sensing error framework of secondary users (SUs) is proposed to study the SUs’ behavior so as to make the best benefit for the CR system in this paper. A novel queueing-game theoretical model is formulated first and then various system stationary performance measures are procured. Furthermore, the SU’s equilibrium joining strategies are obtained, the throughput of SUs is derived, and the CR system’s social welfare’s monotonous in terms of the sensing error and the SU’s request frequency are characterized. Particularly, three interesting but counterintuitive results are observed as below: (i) the expected delay for joining SUs can be non-monotone in their effective arrival rate; (ii) multiple equilibrium joining strategies of SUs can always exist; and (iii) the spectrum sensing error does not necessarily worsen the CS system’s social welfare, i.e., some sensing error in the system may possibly lead to more efficient outcomes in terms of throughput and social welfare. The results and observations offered in this paper are expected to extend spectrum sensing research in a more efficient way to better provide CR system services to various users.
Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71871008,72001118), the US National Science Foundation (Grant No. 1827940) and the Emerging Interdisciplinary Project of CUFE (Grant No. 21XXJC010).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Devarajan, K., Senthilkumar, M.: Strategic access in a Green IoT (Internet of Things) system with an unreliable server. Perform. Eval. 157, 102314 (2022)
Do, C.T., Tran, N.H., Nguyen, M.V., Hong, C.S., Lee, S.: Social optimization strategy in unobserved queueing systems in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 16(12), 1944–1947 (2012)
Hassin, R., Haviv, M.: To Queue Or Not to Queue: Equilibrium Behavior In Queueing Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2003)
Jagannathan, K., Menache, I., Modiano, E., Zussman, G.: Non-cooperative spectrum access - the dedicated vs. free spectrum choice. Sel. Areas Commun. IEEE J. 30(11), 2251–2261 (2011)
Li, H., Han, Z.: Socially optimal queuing control in CR networks subject to service interruptions: to queue or not to queue? IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 10, 1656–1666 (2011)
Mitola, J.: Cognitive radio for flexible mobile multimedia communications. In: 1999 IEEE International Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Communications (MoMuC 1999) (Cat. No.99EX384), pp. 3–10 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/MOMUC.1999.819467
Ni, W., Zhang, Y., Li, W.W.: An optimal strategy for resource utilization in cloud data centers. IEEE ACCESS 7, 158095–158112 (2019)
Palunčić, F., Alfa, A.S., Maharaj, B.T., Tsimba, H.M.: Queueing models for cognitive radio networks: a survey. IEEE ACCESS 6, 50801–50823 (2018)
Suliman, I., Lehtomaki, J., Braysy, T., Umebayashi, K.: Analysis of cognitive radio networks with imperfect sensing. In: Proceedings IEEE Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 1616–1620 (2009)
Tang, S., Mark, B.L.: Modeling and analysis of opportunistic spectrum sharing with unreliable spectrum sensing. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 8(4), 1934–1943 (2009)
Toma, O.H., López-Benítez, M., Patel, D.K., Umebayashi, K.: Estimation of primary channel activity statistics in cognitive radio based on imperfect spectrum sensing. IEEE Trans. Commun. 68(4), 2016–2031 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2020.2965944
Wang, F., Wang, J., Li, W.W.: Game-theoretic analysis of opportunistic spectrum sharing with imperfect sensing. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Networking (EJWCN) 2016(141), 1–12 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-016-0637-x
Wang, J., Li, W.W.: Non-cooperative and cooperative joining strategies in cognitive radio networks with random access. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(7), 5624–5636 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2470115
Wang, J., Wang, F., Li, W.W.: Strategic behavior and admission control of cognitive radio systems with imperfect sensing. Comput. Commun. 113, 53–61 (2017)
Wang, J., Wang, F., Li, W.W.: Strategic spectrum occupancy for secondary users in cognitive radio networks with retrials. Nav. Res. Logist. 64(7), 599–609 (2017)
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, W.W.: Strategic joining and optimal pricing in the cognitive radio system with delay-sensitive secondary users. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Networking 3(3), 298–312 (2017)
Wang, J., Zhu, S., Li, W.W.: Strategic behavior of cognitive radio networks with different information. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(5), 4810–4823 (2019)
Wang, Z., Wang, J.: Information heterogeneity in a retrial queue: throughput and social welfare maximization. Queueing Syst. 92, 131–172 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11134-019-09608-z
Yazdani, H., Vosoughi, A., Gong, X.: Achievable rates of opportunistic cognitive radio systems using reconfigurable antennas with imperfect sensing and channel estimation. In: IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking. Early Access (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCCN.2021.3056691
Zhao, Q.: A survey of dynamic spectrum access: signal processing, networking, and regulatory policy. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 24(3), 79–89 (2007)
Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Li, W.W.: Optimal pricing strategies in cognitive radio networks with heterogeneous secondary users and retrials. IEEE ACCESS 7, 30937–30950 (2019)
Zhu, S., Wang, J., Li, W.W.: Optimal pricing strategies in cognitive radio networks with multiple spectrums. IEEE Syst. J. 15(3), 4210–4220 (2020)
Zhu, S., Wang, J., Li, W.W.: Optimal service rate in cognitive radio networks with different queue length information. IEEE ACCESS 6, 51577–51586 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2867049
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank three anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions which greatly improved the presentation and the quality of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wang, J., Li, W.W., Wang, Z. (2023). Equilibrium Strategies and Social Welfare in Cognitive Radio Networks with Imperfect Spectrum Sensing. In: Haas, Z.J., Prakash, R., Ammari, H., Wu, W. (eds) Wireless Internet. WiCON 2022. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 464. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27041-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27041-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-27040-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-27041-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)