Abstract
One of the first challenges researchers in artificial intelligence (AI) tried to conquer was programming a computer to play chess that could compete on the same level as humans. It took almost 50 years but once achieved, they had to find other ways of proving the value of AI. Of particular interest was the idea or concept of programmable general intelligence that the human brain possessed. Naturally, other sub-fields spawned and looked into different aspects of general intelligence that were hoped would come together synergetically. Popular culture embraced AI with its utopian and dystopian ideas of highly advanced machines and robots working for, but usually eventually against, their human creators. Expectations therefore grew and AI researchers found themselves struggling to keep up and find funding for their proposals. Computational creativity, among other sub-fields of AI such as artificial life, artificial consciousness and machine ethics even made us question what it means to be human. In this chapter, we briefly review the path AI has taken, the factors that may have influenced it and the importance of advances in computational creativity in the second millennium.
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Notes
- 1.
Kasparov, G. Personal Communication (with main author). 25 April 2014.
- 2.
This is what makes them fundamental, i.e. they work to a reasonable extent and have had demonstrable applications beyond a single domain or task. Note that being task-specific is even more constrained than domain-specific. There is also the ‘no free lunch theorem’ to consider.
- 3.
Dennett, D.C. Personal Communication (with main author). 27 August 2012.
- 4.
Chalmers, D.J. Personal Communication (with main author). 17 November 2012.
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Iqbal, A., Guid, M., Colton, S., Krivec, J., Azman, S., Haghighi, B. (2016). Review. In: The Digital Synaptic Neural Substrate. SpringerBriefs in Cognitive Computation, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28079-0_2
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