Abstract
Automated systems can provide tremendous benefits to users; however, there are also potential hazards that users must be aware of to safely operate and interact with them. To address this need, safety warnings are often provided to operators and others who might be placed at risk by the system. This chapter discusses some of the roles safety warnings can play in automated systems, from both the traditional perspective of warnings as a form of hazard control and the perspective of warnings as a form of automation. During this discussion, the chapter addresses some of the types of warnings that might be used, along with issues and challenges related to warning effectiveness. Design recommendations and guidelines are also presented.
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Abbreviations
- ACC:
-
adaptive cruise control
- ACC:
-
automatic computer control
- ACGIH:
-
AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
- ADA:
-
Americans with Disabilities Act
- AGV:
-
autonomous guided vehicle
- ANSI:
-
American National Standards Institute
- DIN:
-
German Institute for Normalization
- DOT:
-
US Department of Transportation
- DSDT:
-
distributed signal detection theoretic
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- EURONORM:
-
European Economic Community
- FAA:
-
US Federal Aviation Administration
- FMC:
-
flexible manufacturing cell
- FMC:
-
flight management computer
- FMEA:
-
failure modes and effects analysis
- FMECA:
-
failure mode, effects and criticality analysis
- FTA:
-
fault tree analysis
- HEA:
-
human error analysis
- HEP:
-
human error probability
- HFDS:
-
Human Factors Design Standard
- HRA:
-
human reliability analysis
- IEC:
-
International Electrotechnical Commission
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- ISO:
-
independent system operator
- JPA:
-
job performance aid
- MSDS:
-
material safety data sheet
- OSHA:
-
Occupation Safety and Health Administration
- PHA:
-
preliminary hazard analysis
- PSF:
-
performance shaping factor
- RIA:
-
Robotics Industries Association
- SA:
-
situation awareness
- SDT:
-
signal detection theory
- SLIM-MAUD:
-
success likelihood index method-multiattribute utility decomposition
- THERP:
-
technique for human error rate prediction
- WSA:
-
work safety analysis
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Lehto, M.R., Lesch, M.F., Horrey, W.J. (2009). Safety Warnings for Automation. In: Nof, S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_39
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