Abstract
Within a framework for enriched on-line discussion forums for e-government policy-making, pro and con statements for positions are input, structurally related, then logically represented and evaluated. The framework builds on current technologies for multi-threaded discussion, natural language processing, ontologies, and formal argumentation frameworks. This paper focuses on the natural language processing of statements in the framework. A small sample policy discussion is presented. We adopt and apply a controlled natural language (Attempto Controlled English) to constrain the domain of discourse, eliminate ambiguity and unclarity, allow a logical representation of statements which supports inference and consistency checking, and facilitate information extraction. Each of the policy statements is automatically translated into first-order logic. The result is a logical representation of the policy discussion which we can query, draw inferences (given ground statements), test for consistency, and extract detailed information.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Macintosh, A.: Moving toward ”intelligent” policy development. IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(5), 79–82 (2009)
Cartwright, D., Atkinson, K.: Using computational argumentation to support e-participation. IEEE Intelligent Systems 24(5), 42–52 (2009)
Thelwall, M., Hasler, L.: Blog search engines. Online Information Review 31(4), 467–479 (2007)
Prabowo, R., Thelwall, M., Hellsten, I., Scharnhorst, A.: Evolving debate in online communication: A graph analytical approach. Internet Research 18(5), 520–540 (2008)
Reed, C., Rowe, G.: Araucaria: Software for argument analysis, diagramming and representation. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 13(4), 961–980 (2004)
Gordon, T., Prakken, H., Walton, D.: The carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 171, 875–896 (2007)
Verheij, B.: Argumed - a template-based argument mediation system for lawyers. legal knowledge based systems. In: Hage, J.C., Bench-Capon, T., Koers, A., de Vey Mestdagh, C., Grtters, C. (eds.) JURIX: The Eleventh Conference, Nijmegen, pp. 113–130. Gerard Noodt Instituut (1998)
van Engers, T.: Legal engineering: A structural approach to improving legal quality. In: Macintosh, A., Ellis, R., Allen, T. (eds.) Applications and Innovations in Intelligent Systems XIII, Proceedings of AI-2005, pp. 3–10. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Forsythe, D.E., Buchanan, B.G.: Knowledge acquisition for expert systems: some pitfalls and suggestions. In: Readings in knowledge acquisition and learning: automating the construction and improvement of expert systems, pp. 117–124. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (1993)
Engers, T., van Gog, R., Sayah, K.: A case study on automated norm extraction. In: Gordon, T. (ed.) Legal Knowledge and Information Systems. Jurix 2004: The Seventeenth Annual Conference, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pp. 49–58. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2004)
Wyner, A., van Engers, T.: A framework for enriched, controlled on-line discussion forums for e-government policy-making. In: Proceedings of eGov 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland (August 2010) (to appear)
Shiffman, R.N., Michel, G., Krauthammer, M., Fuchs, N.E., Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T.: Writing clinical practice guidelines in controlled natural language. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) Proceedings of the Workshop on Controlled Natural Language (CNL 2009). LNCS. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Baroni, P., Giacomin, M.: Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence. In: Semantics of Abstract Argumentation Systems, pp. 25–44. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Kamp, H., Reyle, U.: From Discourse to Logic: Introduction to Model-theoretic Semantics of Natural Language: Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory. Springer, Heidelberg (1993)
Asher, N.: Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1993)
de Maat, E., Winkels, R.: Automatic classification of sentences in dutch laws. In: Legal Knowledge and Information Systems. Jurix 2008: The 21st Annual Conference, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pp. 207–216. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2008)
Pelletier, F., Carlson, G.: The Generic Book. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1995)
Horn, L., Ward, G. (eds.): Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell, Malden (2004)
Besnard, P., Hunter, A.: Argumentation based on classical logic. In: Rahwan, I., Simari, G. (eds.) Argumentation in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 133–152. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Prakken, H.: Formalising ordinary legal disputes: a case study. Artificial Intelligence and Law 16, 333–359 (2008)
Prakken, H.: An abstract framework for argumentation with structure arguments. Argument and Computation (to appear, 2010)
Voorhees, E.M.: Contradictions and justifications: Extensions to the textual entailment task. In: Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Columbus, Ohio, June 2008, pp. 63–71. Association for Computational Linguistics (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wyner, A., van Engers, T., Bahreini, K. (2010). From Policy-Making Statements to First-Order Logic. In: Andersen, K.N., Francesconi, E., Grönlund, Å., van Engers, T.M. (eds) Electronic Government and the Information Systems Perspective. EGOVIS 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6267. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15172-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15172-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-15171-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-15172-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)