Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Skip to main content

Knowledge acquisition as a social phenomenon

  • Published:
Instructional Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The acquisition of knowledge, the development of the individual's knowledge bases, does not occur in a vacuum. The social context, both social structure (the perceived regularities in the social network) and social knowledge, appears to be related to the individual's acquisition of knowledge. In this article, the relationship between the social world and individual knowledge acquisition is explored. A general theory is postulated and then formulated as a model. The basic theory is predicated on the assumption that social interaction is the driving force behind knowledge acquisition.

A selection of results pertaining to social learning will be presented. These include, but are not limited to the following:

  • • Social structure affects knowledge acquisition; e.g., individuals in tightly knit social groups develop similar cognitive structures, but not necessarily similar evaluations of those structures.

  • • Social knowledge evolves slowly and relative to shared experience.

  • • Individual knowledge acquisition is limited; e.g., individuals and groups talk past each other because of the lack of critical paths in their respective knowledge bases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abelson, R. P. and Reich, C. M. (1969). “Implicated molecules; a method for extracting meaning from input sentences,” In D. E. Walker and L. M. Norton (Eds.), Proceeding of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

  • Abelson R. P. (1976). “Script processing in attitude formation and decision-making,” In J. S. Carroll and J. W. Payne (Eds.), Cognition and Social Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson J. and Bower G. (1973). Human Associative Memory. Washington DC; Winston-Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. R. (1973). “The acquaintance process revisited: Explorations in initial interaction”, Presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association.

  • Blalock H. M.Jr. (1967). Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau P. M. (1967). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobrow D. G. and Norman D. A. (1976). “Some principles of memory schemata.” In D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins (Eds.), Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiger R. L., Boorman S. A. and Arabie P. (1975). “An algorithm for clustering relational data with applications to social network analysis and comparison with multidimensional scaling,” Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12: 328–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiger R. L. (1978). “Career attributes and network structure: a blockmodel study of a biomedical research specialty,” American Sociological Review 41: 117–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breiger R. L. (1979). “Toward an operational theory of community elite structures,” Quality and Quantity 13: 21–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carley, K. M. (1985a). “Formalizing the social experts knowledge,” CMU Department of Social Science Working Paper Series.

  • Carley K. M. (1985b). “An approach for relating social structure to cognitive structure,” Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 12(1): 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carley K. M. (1986). “Efficiency in a garbage can, implications for crisis management,” in J. March and R. Weissinger-Baylon (Eds.), Ambiguity in Command: Organizational Perspectives on Military Decision Making. Boston, MA: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charniak, E. (1972). “Toward a Model of Children's Story Comprehension.” PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Cicourel A. V. (1974). Cognitive Sociology. New York: The Free Press, Macmillan Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark H. H. and Clark E. V. (1977). Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen M. D., March J. G. and Olsen J. P. (1972). “A garbage can model of organizational choice,” Administrative Sciences Quarterly 17(1): 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen M. D. and March J. G. (1974). Leadership and Ambiguity. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins B. E. and Loftus E. P. (1975). “A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing,” Psychological Review 82: 407–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, A., Brown, J. S. and Larkin, K. M. (1977). “Inference in text understanding”, Technical Report #3684, Bolt Berenek and Newman.

  • Davis K. (1949). Suici Society. New York: Macmillan Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim E. (1951). Suicide, A Study in Sociology. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everitt B. (1974). Cluster Analysis. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas, J. P. (Ed.) (1981). Social Cognition. Academic Press.

  • Garfinkle H. (1968). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman Erving (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter M. S. (1973). “The strength of weak ties,” American Journal of Sociology 68: 1360–1380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter M. S. (1974). Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter M. S. (1982). “Alienation reconsidered: the strength of weak ties,” Connections 5(2): 4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heider F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heil G. H. and White H. C. (1976). “An algorithm for finding simultaneous homomorphic correspondences between graphs and their image graphs,” Behavioral Science 21: 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homans G. C. (1961). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, R. W. (1979). “One Child's Learning.” PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Lawler R. W. (1985). Computer Experience and Cognitive development. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Strauss C. (1963). Structural Anthropology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria A. R. (1978). Cognitive Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead G. H. (1962). Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead M. (1964). Continuities in Cultural Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead M. (1978). Culture and Commitment. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minsky M. A. (1975). “A framework for representing knowledge,” in P. Winston (Ed.), The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons T. (1951). The Social System. New York: The Free Press of Macmillan Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi M. P. (1962). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roloff M. E. and Berger C. R. (Eds.) (1982). Social Cognition and Communication. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart D. E. (1978a). “Understanding and summarizing brief stories,” in D. LaBerge and S. J. Samuels (Eds.), Basic Processes in Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart D. E. and Ortony A. (1976). “The representation of knowledge in memory,” in Anderson Spiro and Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart D. E. (1978b). “Notes on a schema for stories,” in D. G. Bobrow and A. Collins (Eds.), Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank R. and Colby K. (1973). Computer Models of Thought and Language. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank R. and Abelson R. (1977). Scripts Plans and Goals and Understanding. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz J. E. (1977). “An examination of CONCOR and related methods for blocking sociometric data,” in D. R. Heise (Ed.), Sociological Methodology. San Francisco: Jossy-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shibutani T. (1961). Society and Personality. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons R. (1973). “Semantic networks: their computational use for understanding english sentences,” In R. Schank and K. Colby (Eds.), Computer Models of Thought and Language. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokman F. N. and van Veen F. J. A. M. (Eds.) (1981). “GRADAP: graph definition and analysis package, V1,” Technical Report. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

  • Stokman, F. N. and van Veen, gnF. J. A. M. (Eds.), “GRADAP: graph definition and analysis package, V2,” Technical Report. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

  • Tesser A. (1977). “Toward a theory of self-generated attitude change,” in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky A. and Kahneman D. (1980). “Causal schemas in judgments under uncertainty,” In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Progress in Social Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner D. M. and Vallacher R. R. (1977). Implicit Psychology: An Introduction to Social Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White H. C. (1970). Chains of Opportunity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White H. C., Boorman S. A. and Breiger R. L. (1976). “Social structure from multiple networks. I. Blockmodels of roles and positions,” American Journal of Sociology 81: 730–780.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whorf B. L. (1956). Language Thought and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyer R. S.Jr., and Carlston D. E. (1979). Social Cognition, Inference, and Attribution. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carley, K. Knowledge acquisition as a social phenomenon. Instr Sci 14, 381–438 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051829

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051829

Keywords