Abstract
Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy is a new method of optical heterodyne spectroscopy capable of sensitive and rapid measurement of the absorption or dispersion associated with narrow spectral features. The absorption or dispersion is measured by detecting the heterodyne beat signal that occurs when the FM optical spectrum of the probe wave is distorted by the spectral feature of interest. A short historical perspective and survey of the FM spectroscopy work performed to date is presented. Expressions describing the nature of the beat signal are derived. Theoretical lineshapes for a variety of experimental conditions are given. A signal-to-noise analysis is carried out to determine the ultimate sensitivity limits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.C. Bjorklund: IBM Invention Disclosure SA 8790135 (March 1979) G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Lett.5, 15 (1980) G.C. Bjorklund: U.S. Patent 4,297,035 (November 1981)
This technique was independently suggested by R.W.P. Drever as a means for servo-locking a tunable laser to a high finesse optical cavity. It was first experimentally implemented for this purpose by R.W.P. Drever, J.L. Hall, F.V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G.M. Ford, A.J. Munley (September 1979) and then by M. Prentiss, B. Peuse, G. Sanders, S. Ezekiel: Research Laboratory of Electronics, Progress Report No 123 (January 1981) (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA)
R.V. Pound: Rev. Sci. Instrum.17, 490 (1946)
B. Smaller: Phys. Rev.83, 812 (1951)
J.V. Acrivos: J. Chem. Phys.36, 1097 (1962)
V.J. Corcoran, R.E. Cupp, J.J. Gallagher, W.T. Smith: Appl. Phys. Lett.16, 316 (1970)
A.T. Mattick, A. Sanchez, N.A. Kurnit, A. Javan: Appl. Phys. Lett.23, 675 (1973)
G. Magerl, E. Bonek, W.A. Kreiner: Chem. Phys. Lett.52, 473 (1977)
A. Szabo: Phys. Rev. B.11, 4512 (1975)
L.E. Erickson: Phys. Rev. B16, 4731 (1977)
J.J. Snyder, R.K. Raj, D. Bloch, M. Ducloy: Opt. Lett.5, 163 (1980)
R.K. Raj, D. Bloch, J.J. Snyder, G. Camy, M. Ducloy: Phys. Rev. Lett.44, 1251 (1980)
D. Bloch, M. Ducloy, E. Giacobino: J. Phys. B14, L819 (1981)
M. Ducloy, D. Bloch: J. Phys. (Paris)43, 57 (1982)
E.D. Hinkley, P.L. Kelley. Science171, 635 (1971)
C.L. Tang, J.M. Telle: J. Appl. Phys.45, 4503 (1974)
S.E. Harris, M.K. Oshman, B.J. McMurtry, E.O. Ammann. Appl. Phys. Lett.7, 185 (1975)
G.C. Bjorklund, M.D. Levenson: Phys. Rev. A24, 166 (1981)
G.C. Bjorklund, W. Lenth, M.D. Levenson, C. Ortiz: SPIE286, 153 (1981)
J.L. Hall, L. Hollberg, T. Baer, H.G. Robinson: Appl. Phys. Lett.39, 680 (1981) andLaser Spectroscopy V, ed. by A.R.W. McKellar, T. Oka, B.P. Stoicheff (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1981) p. 15
W. Lenth, C. Ortiz, G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Lett.6, 351 (1981)
G.C. Bjorklund, W. Lenth, M.D. Levenson, C. Ortiz: InLaser Spectroscopy V, ed. by A.R.W. McKellar, T. Oka, B.P. Stoicheff (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1981) p. 389
W. Lenth, G.C. Bjorklund, C. Ortiz: InProc. of the Lasers '81 Conference, New Orleans, Lousiana (in press)
W. Zapka, P. Pokrowsky, F.M. Schellenberg, G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Commun.44, 117 (1982)
W. Zapka, M.D. Levenson, F.M. Schellenberg, A.C. Tam, G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Lett.8, 27 (1983)
M.D. Levenson, W.E. Moerner, D.E. Horne: Opt. Lett.8, 108 (1983)
P. Pokrowsky, E.A. Whittaker, G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Commun.45, 196 (1983)
E.A. Whittaker, P. Pokrowsky, W. Zapka, K. Roche, G.C. Bjorklund: J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.30 (1983, in press)
G.S. Agarwal: Phys. Rev. A,23, 1375 (1981)
A. Schenzle, R.G. De Voe, R.G. Brewer: Phys. Rev. A25, 2606 (1982)
J.H. Shirley: Opt. Lett.7, 537 (1982)
E.A. Whittaker, G.C. Bjorklund: Paper FG1, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, May 17–20, 1983, Baltimore, Maryland
G.A. Sanders, M.G. Prentiss, S. Ezekiel: Opt. Lett.6, 569 (1981)
R.G. De Voe, R.G. Brewer: Phys. Rev. Lett.50, 1269 (1983)
R.G. De Voe, R.G. Brewer: Phys. Rev. A26, 705 (1982)
R.W.P. Drever, J.L. Hall, F.V. Kowalski, J. Hough, G.M. Ford, A.J. Munley, H. Ward: Appl. Phys. B31, 97 (1983)
W. Lenth et al.: To be published
T.F. Gallagher, R. Kachru, F. Gounand, G.C. Bjorklund, W. Lenth: Opt. Lett.7, 28 (1982)
N.H. Tran, R. Kachru, T.F. Gallagher, J.P. Watjen, G.C. Bjorklund: Opt. Lett.8, 157 (1983)
E.A. Whittaker, H.R. Wendt, H. Hunziker, G.C. Bjorklund: To be published
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bjorklund, G.C., Levenson, M.D., Lenth, W. et al. Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. B 32, 145–152 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00688820
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00688820