References
Bannatyne, A. Diagnosis: A note on recategorization of the WISC scaled scores.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1974,7, 272–274.
Bannatyne, A.Language, Reading and Learning Disabilities. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1971.
Baron, J. Orthographic and word-specific mechanisms in children’s reading of words.Child Development, 1979,50, 60–72.
Beers, J. W. and Henderson, E. H. A study of developing orthographic concepts among first graders.Research in the Teaching of English. 1977,11, 133–148.
Bissex, G. L.GNYS AT WRK: A Child Learns to Write and Read. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
Boder, E. Developmental dyslexia: A diagnostic approach based on three atypical reading-spelling patterns.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1973,15, 663–687.
Bryant, P., and Bradley, L. Why children sometimes write words which they do not read. In U. Frith (Ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Camp, B., and Dolcourt, J. L. Reading and spelling in good and poor readers.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1977,10, 46–53.
Camp, B. W., and McCabe, L. Denver Reading and Spelling Test: Research Manual. Denver: University of Colorado Medical Center, 1977. (manuscript)
Chomsky, C. Reading, writing, and phonology.Harvard Educational Review, 1970,40, 287–309.
Chomsky, C. Approaching reading through invented spelling. In L. Resnick and P. Weaver (Eds.),Theory and Practice of Early Reading, Vol 2. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979.
Critchley, M. Specific developmental dyslexia. In E. H. Lenneberg and E. Lenneberg (Eds.)Foundations of Language Development: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Vol 2. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Cronell, B. Phonics for reading vs. phonics for spelling.The Reading Teacher, 1978,32, 337–340.
Denckla, M. B. Childhood learning disabilities. In K. M. Heilman and E. Valenstein (Eds.),Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Farnham-Diggory, S.Learning Disabilities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Farnham-Diggory, S., and Simon, H. A. Retention of visually presented information in children’s spelling.Memory and cognition, 1975,3, 599–608.
Fernald, G.Remedial Techniques in the Basic School Subjects. New York: McGraw Hill, 1943.
Frith, U. Unexpected spelling problems. In U. Frith (Ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Gentry, J. Early spelling strategies.The Elementary School Journal, 1978,79, 88–92.
Gerber, M. M., and Hall, R. J. Spelling errors and cognitive strategies in attentionally disordered learning disabled children. Technical Report #27, University of Virginia Learning Disabilities Research Institute, August, 1980.
Hanna, P. R., Hanna, J. S., Hodges, R. E., and Rudorf, E. H. Phoneme-grapheme Correspondences as Cues to Spelling Improvement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966.
Henderson, E. H. Word knowledge and reading disability. In E. H. Henderson and J. W. Beers (Eds.),Developmental and Cognitive Aspects of Learning to Spell: A Reflection of Word Knowledge. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1980.
Henderson, E. H., and Beers, J. W. (Eds.)Developmental and Cognitive Aspects of Learning to Spell: A Reflection of Word Knowledge. Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 1980.
Holmes, D. L., and Peper, R. J. An evaluation of the use of spelling error analysis in the diagnosis of reading disabilities.Child Development, 1977,48, 1708–1711.
Ingram, T. T. S., Mason, A. W., and Blackburn, I. A retrospective study of 82 children with reading disabilities.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1970,12, 271–281.
Johnson, D. J., and Myklebust, H. R.Learning Disabilities: Educational Principles and Practices. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967.
Kagan, J., and Moore, M. J. Retrieval and evaluation of symbolic information in dyslexia.Bulletin of The Orton Society, 1981,31, 65–73.
Kaufman, A. S. Factor analysis of the WISC-R at eleven age levels between 6 1/2 and 16 1/2 years.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975,43, 135–147.
Kaufman, A. S. The WISC-R and learning disabilities assessment: State of the art.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1981,14, 520–526.
Kinsbourne, M., and Rosenfield, D. B. Agraphia selective for written spelling.Brain and Language, 1974,1, 215–225.
LeCours, A. R. Serial order in writing—A study of misspelled words in “developmental dysgraphia.”Neuropsychologia, 1966,4, 221–241.
Liberman, I., Liberman, A. M., Mattingly, I., and Shankweiler, D. Orthography and the beginning reader. In J. F. Kavanaugh and R. L. Venezky (Eds.),Orthography, Reading and Dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980.
Luria, A. R.Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966.
Marcie, P., and Hecaen, H. Agraphia: Writing disorders associated with unilateral cortical lesions. In K. M. Heilman and E. Valenstein (Eds.),Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Mattis, S., French, J. H., and Rapin, I. Dyslexia in children and young adults: Three independent neuropsychological syndromes.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1975,17, 150–163.
Moats, L. C. Spelling errors in dyslexia: A comparison of older dyslexic to second grade normal children’s misspellings. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Education, 1982.
Naidoo, S.Specific Dyslexia. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1972.
Nelson, H. E. Analysis of spelling errors in normal and dyslexic children. In U. Frith (Ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Nelson, H. E., and Warrington, E. K. Developmental spelling retardation and its relation to other cognitive abilities.British Journal of Psychology, 1974,65, 265–274.
Orton, S. T.Reading, Writing, and Speech Problems in Children. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1937.
Read, C. Preschool children’s knowledge of English phonology.Harvard Educational Review, 1971,41, 1–34.
Read, C. Lessons to be learned from the preschool orthographer. In E. H. Lenneberg and E. Lenneberg (Eds.),Foundations of Language Development, Vol 2. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
Seymour, P. H. K., and Porpodas, C. D., Lexical and non-lexical processing of spelling in dyslexia. In U. Frith (Ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Simon, D. Spelling: A task analysis.Instructional Science, 1976,5, 277–302.
Simon, D. P., and Simon, H. A. Alternative uses of phonemic information in spelling.Review of Educational Research, 1973,43, 115–136.
Sloboda, J. A. Visual imagery and individual differences in spelling. In U. Frith (Ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.
Sweeney, J. E., and Rourke, B. P. Neuropsychological significance of phonetically accurate and phonetically inaccurate spelling errors in younger and older retarded spellers.Brain and Language, 1978,6, 212–225.
Vellutino, F.Dyslexia: Theory and Research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979.
Vellutino, F. Dyslexia: Perceptual deficiency or perceptual inefficiency. In J. F. Kavanaugh and R. L. Venezky (Eds.),Orthography, Reading, and Dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moats, L.C. A comparison of the spelling errors of older dyslexic and second-grade normal children. Annals of Dyslexia 33, 121–140 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648000
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648000