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Ni-doped SnS2: an investigation into its optical, magnetic, and electronic structures

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Abstract

The electronic and local structure of dilute magnetic materials with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% Ni-doped SnS2 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. These magnetic semiconductors can be used in spintronics, half-metals, and valleytronics. This research utilizes XRD data to elucidate the electron density mapping (electronic structure) of 3D and 2D MEM (maximum entropy method), focusing on bonding behavior and the accumulation of interstitial charges in regions outside the regular lattice. Pure tin disulfide (SnS2) is diamagnetic, but nickel (Ni) doping converts it to mild ferromagnetism, with a maximum magnetization of 0.4726 emu/g and 0.4659 emu/g and a coercivity of 78 Oe and 93 Oe at 2.5% and 7.5% Ni concentrations, respectively. Using MEM electron density analysis, magnetic saturation and coercivity are also highly connected. The 5% Ni-doped SnS2 composition has the highest interstitial charge, resulting in a more covalent character responsible for excellent electrical conduction and reduced magnetism. Optical absorption and energy gap engineering are discussed based on cation deficiency analysis employing XRD data. Photoluminescence (PL) emission reveals that Ni doping has no direct influence on SnS2 systems. However, Ni doping in SnS2 increases the vacancy/interstitial charge, which indirectly corresponds with PL emission. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis reveals the presence of interstitial Ni2+ and substitutional Ni3+ ions. This study found a correlation between charge buildup at substitutional and interstitial sites, type, and strength of bonding, and physical properties like magnetism and optical properties.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Mendeley data repository.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge SAIF (Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility), STIC, Cochin University, Cochin, Kerala for the powder XRD, Instrumental Facilities, CIC, Madurai Kamaraj University for SEM and EDAX, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, for the VSM measurements, Heber Analytical Instrumentation Facility, Bishop Heber College, Trichy, for UV–Visible and St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli for Photoluminescence spectrophotometry studies.

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The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PG and Research Department of Physics, HKRH College (Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai), Uthamapalayam, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India

    N. Pavithra & M. Charles Robert

  2. Department of Physics, Jayaraj Annapackiam College for Women, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu, India

    M. Arulmozhi

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NP: Investigation, Formal analysis, writing original draft, MCR: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Data Curation, writing review and editing, MA: Executing graphical techniques, Resources, Electronic artwork and editing.

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Correspondence to M. Charles Robert.

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Pavithra, N., Robert, M.C. & Arulmozhi, M. Ni-doped SnS2: an investigation into its optical, magnetic, and electronic structures. Appl. Phys. A 130, 46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-07201-z

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