Abstract
Endpoint fusing plays a crucial role in the process of sketch regularization and corrects the gestures from freehand-sketched strokes, which have the imprecise connections at the endpoints and inflection point of into some closed loops. This paper proposes a novel endpoint fusing method, based on a feature descriptor called angle distribution histogram, is specialized for online freehand-sketched polyhedrons. The method comprises four main phases. Firstly, parallelism correction is used to revise and recognize user’s inputting strokes according to the linearity distribution of gestures in the angle histogram. Then, the adaptive tolerance circles with variable coefficients are applied to determine which the endpoints should be joined together. Nextly settles the order of connecting endpoints in accordance with the coordinate system weight criteria. Finally, the session of endpoints connection is carried out and ends with a clean, crisp line drawing possessing perfect connections. This approach has been tested with various examples and compared with the other existing methods in an interactive prototype system of freehand sketching recognition-endpoint fusion to evaluate the regularization quality. The experimental results show that the proposed approach overcomes these limitations embedded within the existing sketching systems, in which only simply connect the endpoints without considering the contextual constraints in the sketch. The method can perfectly support the conceptual design based on online freehand-sketched polyhedrons and provide a foundation for the further 3D reconstruction of freehand-sketched polyhedrons.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Shouqian, S., Enwei, B., Heng, C., et al.: State of the art of research on computer aided conceptual design. China Mech. Eng. 10(6), 697–700 (1999)
Song, B.: Research on Computer Supported Intelligent Sketching Technology for Product Conceptual Design. Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an (2003)
Hsu, W., Woon, I.M.Y.: Current research in the conceptual design of mechanical products. Comput. Aided Des. 30(5), 377–389 (1998)
Ullman, D.G., Wood, S., Craig, D.: The importance of drawing in the mechanical design process. Comput. Graph. 14(2), 263–274 (1990)
Li, B., Lu, Y., Godil, A., et al.: A comparison of methods for sketch-based 3D shape retrieval. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 119(2), 57–80 (2014)
Lladós, J., Kwon, Y.: Graphics Recognition, Recent Advances and Perspectives. GREC, Barcelona (2003)
Zeleznik, R.C., Herndon, K.P., Hughes, J.F.: SKETCH: an interface for sketching 3D scenes. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses, p. 19. ACM (2007)
Sutherland, I.E.:Sketch pad: a man-machine graphical communication system. In: Proceedings of the SHARE Design Automation Workshop, DAC 1964, pp. 6.329–6.346. ACM New York, NY, USA (1964)
Kato, O., Iwase, H., Yoshida, M., et al.: Interactive hand-drawn diagram input system. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing (PRIP 82), pp. 544–549 (1982)
Pavlidis, T., Van Wyk, C.J.: An automatic beautifier for drawings and illustrations. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol. 19, pp. 225–234. ACM (1985)
Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., Kawachiya, S., et al.: Interactive Beautification: A Technique for Rapid Geometric Design, vol. 263525, pp. 105–114. ACM, Banff (1997)
Igarashi, T., Kawachiya, S., Tanaka, H., et al.: Pegasus: A Drawing System for Rapid Geometric Design, vol. 286511, pp. 24–25. ACM, Los Angeles (1998)
Forsberg, A.S., Laviola, J.J., Zeleznik, R.C.: ErgoDesk: a framework for two- and three-dimensional interaction at the ActiveDesk. In: Proceedings of the Second International Immersive Projection Technology Workshop, pp. 11–12 (1998)
Meyer, J.: EtchaPad—disposable sketch based interfaces. In: Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 195–196. ACM (1996)
Wang, S.-X., Gao, M.-T., Qi, L.-H.: Freehand Sketching interfaces: early processing for sketch recognition. In: Jacko, J. (ed.) Human-Computer Interaction Platforms and Techniques, pp. 161–170. Springer, Berlin (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73107-8_18
Pusch, R., Samavati, F., Nasri, A., et al.: Improving the sketch-based interface. Vis. Comput. 23(9–11), 955–962 (2007)
Zou, H., Lee, Y.: Constraint-based beautification and dimensioning of 3D polyhedral models reconstructed from 2D sketches. Comput. Aided Des. 39(11), 1025–1036 (2007)
Jun-Wen, X.U., Liao, D.X., Wang, S.X., et al.: Recognition of on-line sketched electrical diagrams. Sci. Technol. Eng. 6, 034 (2007)
Zhang, S.H., Chen, T., Zhang, Y.F., et al.: Vectorizing cartoon animations. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 15(4), 618–629 (2008)
Ching, F.D.: Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. Wiley, New York (2014)
Li, B., Lu, Y., Godil, A., et al.: A comparison of methods for sketch-based 3D shape retrieval. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 119(2), 57–80 (2013)
Wang, Y., Gao, M.: Completing imperfect line drawing of object. Sci. Technol. Eng. 7(7), 1482–1485 (2007)
Johnson, K., Chang, C., Lipson, H.: Neural network based reconstruction of a 3D object from a 2D wireframe (2010). arXiv:10072442
Company, P., Plumed, R., Varley, P.A.C.: A fast approach for perceptually-based fitting strokes into elliptical arcs. Vis. Comput. 31(6–8), 775–785 (2015)
Wang, S., Qin, S., Gao, M.: New Grouping and Fitting Methods for Interactive Overtraced Sketches. Springer, New York (2014)
Wang, S., Yu, S.: Endpoint fusing of freehand 3D object sketch with Hidden-part-draw. In: 2009 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design (2009)
Durgun, F.B., Özgüç, B.: Architectural sketch recognition. Archit. Sci. Rev. 33(1), 3–16 (1990)
Sun, J., Jin, X., Peng, B., et al.: A method of fast on-line graphics recognition and regularization. Comput. Sci. 30(2), 172–176 (2003)
Shpitalni, M., Lipson, H.: Classification of sketch strokes and corner detection using conic sections and adaptive clustering. J. Mech. Des. 119(1), 131–135 (1997)
Ku, D.C., Qin, S.-F., Wright, D.K.: Interpretation of overtracing freehand sketching for geometric shapes. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, pp. 263–270 (2006)
Tsuchie, S.: Reconstruction of underlying curves with styling radius corners. Vis. Comput. 33(9), 1197–1210 (2017)
Wang, S., Gao, M., Qi, L.: Endpoint fusing of hand-drawing 3D projection sketches. J. Comput. Aided Des. Comput. Graph. 21(1), 81–87 (2009)
Wang, S., Wang, G., Gao, M., et al.: Using fuzzy hybrid features to classify strokes in interactive sketches. Adv. Mech. Eng. 558(5), 561–566 (2013)
Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., et al.: Segmentation of online sketching using velocity features. J. Northwest. Polytech. Univ. 34(2), 235–240 (2016)
Yuan, H., Lu, Z.: Reason the hidden elements based on connected edges to reconstruct 3D model from isometric drawing. J. Image Graph. 9(2), 178–183 (2004)
Ku, D.C., Qin, S.-F., Wright, D.K.: A sketching interface for 3D modeling of polyhedrons. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics Conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, pp. 83–90 (2006)
Cheon, S.-U., Han, S.: A template-based reconstruction of plane-symmetric 3D models from freehand sketches. Comput. Aided Des. 40(9), 975–986 (2008)
Tian, C., Masry, M., Lipson, H.: Physical sketching: reconstruction and analysis of 3D objects from freehand sketches. Comput. Aided Des. 41(3), 147–158 (2009)
Jun, C., Tun, G.M., Guoding, C.: Creating model of planar body from line drawing under orthographically axonometric projection. J. Image Graph. 9(8), 972–977 (2004)
Wang, S., Yu, S.: Endpoint fusing of freehand 3D object sketch with Hidden-part-draw. In: 2009 CAID & CD 2009 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design, pp. 586–590. IEEE
Acknowledgements
This work is partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51105310), Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2016JM6054), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (111 Project) of China (Grant No. B13044), the Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of CAD&CG (Grant No. A1615) of Zhejiang University, and the Seed Foundation of Innovation and Creation for Graduate Students in Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. Z2017106).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Zhang, Q., Wang, S. et al. Endpoint fusing method of online freehand-sketched polyhedrons. Vis Comput 36, 291–303 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-018-1608-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-018-1608-5