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A comprehensive survey on word recognition for non-Indic and Indic scripts

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Abstract

The term handwriting recognition is used to describe the capability of a computer system to transform human handwriting into machine processable text. Handwriting recognition has many applications in various fields such as bank-cheque processing, postal-address interpretation, document archiving, mail sorting and form processing in administration, insurance offices. A collection of different scripts is employed in writing languages throughout the world. Many researchers have done work for handwriting recognition of various non-Indic and Indic scripts from the most recent couple of years. But, only a limited number of systems are offered for word recognition for these scripts. This paper presents an extensive systematic survey of word recognition techniques. This survey of word recognition is classified broadly based on different scripts in which a word is written. Experimental evaluation of word recognition tools/techniques is presented in this paper. Different databases have been surveyed to evaluate the performance of techniques used to recognize words, and the achieved recognition accuracies have been reported. The efforts in two directions (non-Indic and Indic scripts) are reflected in this paper. We increased awareness of the potential benefits of word recognition techniques and identify the need to develop an efficient word recognition technique. Recommendations are also provided for future research. It is also observed that the research in this area is quietly thin and still more research is to be done, particularly in the case of word recognition of printed/handwritten documents in Indic scripts.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computational Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India

    Harmandeep Kaur & Munish Kumar

Authors
  1. Harmandeep Kaur
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  2. Munish Kumar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Munish Kumar.

Appendices

Appendix 1: A quality assessment forms

1.1 Screening question

Section-1

Does the research paper refer to word recognition?

Yes

Consider:

The paper includes the study of word recognition. All types of studies, i.e., case study, experimental study or research paper is included.

Section-1 is evaluated first. If the reply is positive, then proceed to Section-2.

1.2 Screening question

Section-2

Key sub-area categorization

Is the research paper focusing on word recognition?

Yes

Consider:

– Is the study’s focus or main focus on word recognition or not?

– Did the study fit in any one of the sub-areas categorized? (Apparently the study motivated different categories.)

If the study’s primary focus is on word detection, proceed to section-3, else proceed to section-4.

1.3 Detailed questions

Section-3

Findings

Is there clear statement of the findings?

Yes

Consider:

Did the study mention the approach/word detection?

Has the word detection technique reported?

What is the corresponding transformation technique, findings, i.e., source representation?

Comparison

Was the data reported sufficient for comparative analysis?

Yes

Consider:

Are the necessary parameters for comparison discussed?

Is the study referring to handwritten word recognition explicitly?

1.4 Detailed questions

Section-4

Findings

Did the study mention the type of word recognition?

Yes

Consider:

How well the word recognition is categorized?

Did the study explicitly mention the type of word recognition, or is to be inferred from the study?

Appendix 2: Data items extracted from all papers

Data item

Description

Study identifier

Unique ID for the study

Bibliographic data

Author, year, title, source

Type of article

Journal article, conference article, workshop paper

Study aims/context/application domain

What are the aims of the study, i.e., search focus, i.e., the research areas the paper focus on

Study design

Classification of study—feature extraction, classification, word recognition, comparative analysis, etc.

What is the word recognition technique?

It explicitly refers to the techniques used for extracting the features of word, segmentation techniques if any and classification techniques to recognize a word

How was comparison carried out?

Values of important parameters for word recognition, i.e., recall, precision, application area, scalability, portability

Subject system

How the data was collected: it refers to the subject system and its size

Data analysis

Data analysis, i.e., corresponding source representation and match detection techniques are extracted

Developer of the tool and usage

It refers to the word detection tool, developer and usage of the tool

Study findings

Major findings or conclusions from the primary study like percentage of word’s recognition accuracy

Other

Does the study explicitly refer to handwritten word recognition or printed word recognition, any other important point

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Kaur, H., Kumar, M. A comprehensive survey on word recognition for non-Indic and Indic scripts. Pattern Anal Applic 21, 897–929 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-018-0731-2

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